The Great Flood Of 1889 - 1385 Words

Also known as the â€Å"Great Flood of 1889,† the Johnstown flood occurred when a local man-made dam failed, unleashing millions of gallons of water and causing utter destruction in its wake. On May 31st, 1889, at around 3:10 p.m., about 14 miles from Johnstown, PA, the South Fork Dam was overcome by several structural shortcomings and failed. This allowed millions of gallons of water to surge through the Conemaugh Valley, leaving little in its wake (NPS). There were a total of 111 days of rainfall within the year preceding the dam’s failure. This level of rainfall was very unusual for the community of Johnstown, let alone the entire state of Pennsylvania. Just before the dam broke, 6-8 inches of rain had fallen throughout the region, turning†¦show more content†¦These changes had disastrous effects on the structure of the dam (ASDSO). †¢ As large amount of rain fell, debris began to collect in the mesh netting, contributing to rising water levels, as the spillway was blocked (ASDSP). †¢ The lack of an underlying water relief system, as the previous one had not been replaced after the reconstruction, increased the pressure of the reservoir (ASDSO). †¢ The pressure of the added volume compromised the structure of the dam and it overtopped. The structure was overcome and the dam burst (ASDSO). †¢ Due to the nature of this dam break, the water traveled at high velocity- estimated at 64 km/hr or about 40 mph (National Geographic). †¢ The average amount of water discharged was around 318,000 cubic feet per second (JAHA). †¢ The flood killed approximately 2,209 people. This included 396 children and 99 local families (Begos, 2014). †¢ As many as 750 corpses remained in â€Å"river towns downstream† and â€Å"Johnstown morgues† awaiting family identification, which never happened (Begos, 2014). †¢ 1,600 homes were lost and whole communities were swept away (Begos, 2014). †¢ Trains were dislodged from their tracks and were swept downstream about 4,000 feet (JFM, 2013). †¢ The flood debris spanned â€Å"30Show MoreRelated Johnstown Flood Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pages McCullough presents a meticulously researched, detailed account of the Johnstown Flood of May 31st 1889, which provides arguments for why the disaster was both â€Å"the work of man† and â€Å"a visitation of providence†. However, it is apparent that McCullough believes that man was more responsible than nature/god for the extent of the catastrophe. In McCullough’s opinion, the storm that caused the flood was no more than the inevitable stimulus of the disaster, whereas the deferred maintenance and poor repairsRead More The Unconventional Kate Chopin Essays718 Words   |  3 PagesIf It Might Be in January 1889 marked Chopins first appearance in print. Many of Kate Chopin’s writings wave a backward glance to her childhood. Kates grandmother, Madame Charleville, spent much time telling Kate stories that stirred her interest about peoples lives, minds, and morals. Madame Charlevilles favorite saying was, One may know a great deal about people without judging them. God does that (Oscar 17). Young Kate must have paid a great deal of attention. Three decadesRead More History of the Video Game Industry Essay examples1234 Words   |  5 Pageshuge job market in video games ranging from programming to sales. It seems they have something for everyone, and in my presentation I try to convey how the video game industry became the big dollar industry it is today. The history really begins in 1889 when the Marufuku Company was established to manufacture and distribute Japanese playing cards. This may not seem relevant until 1951 when they change their name to Nintendo Playing Cards. Three years later, David Rosen, a US Korean War veteran,Read MoreThe Devil Finds Work for Idle Hands1257 Words   |  6 Pageshuge job market in video games ranging from programming to sales. It seems they have something for everyone, and in my presentation I try to convey how the video game industry became the big dollar industry it is today. The history really begins in 1889 when the Marufuku Company was established to manufacture and distribute Japanese playing cards. This may not seem relevant until 1951 when they change their name to Nintendo Playing Cards. Three years later, David Rosen, a US Korean War veteran,Read MoreThe Johnstown Flood896 Words   |  4 PagesPaper of the Johnstown Flood â€Å"Johnstown flood† is a short story written by David McCullough. This story talks about the miraculous survival of a little girl named Gertrude. Gertrude’s sheer luck got her up the hill safely. Of course, with the help of several people she met along the way. I think that this is an extraordinary act of how worked together and some people put his/her life at risk to save a small child that they didn’t even knew. I fell that this is a great example of how human beingsRead MoreThe Nile River-Egypt1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe banks of the Nile, which is just 5 percent of Egypt’s land. (Struggle Over the Nile). Although Egypt is a large country in area, most of the land is uninhabited desert. The image below was taken by a NASA crew at 220 miles above earth shows a great visualization of the concentration of Egypt’s population along the Nile River. The rest of Egypt is nearly empty. (Photograph from NASA) pg.3/Streets Agriculture Why is there such a large concentration of people along the Nile River? The answerRead MoreNintendo : A Video Game Company1642 Words   |  7 Pageshistory that can be traced all the way back to 1889, and as the article titled Nintendo Company states, â€Å"†¦founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi (Fusa-hero Yama-oo-chee) as Marafuku Company to manufacture playing cards†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nintendo Company). Later when his great grandson, Hiroshi Yamauchi (Hero-she), took over, Hiroshi changed the name of the company to Nintendo. As stated in an article titled Nintendo of America Inc., â€Å"Hiroshi Yamauchi took over for his great grandfather in 1949†¦Marufuku also existed underRead MoreEssay on Chesapeake and Ohio Canal1587 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington was the founder of the Patowmack Company; He created a series of skirted canals and riverbed improvements from Georgetown to Harpers Ferry (Chesapeake). The success of the Erie Canal provided momentum for the  "Great National Project.† The purpose of the Great National Project was to build a canal along the Potomac River to eventually reach the Ohio River at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The construction of the canal began on July 4, 1828 (Chesapeake). â€Å"The canal was open to Seneca, MarylandRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Stress On Health And A Sound Life Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Trauma and stress are part of everyone’s life. At some stage or later in life, individuals experience some situations that alter their life in a great deal. The term stress is used by many people, which describes some unusual events that change the behavior of a person towards a specific scenario. Many times, the term stress is used to describe the condition of the person which is inappropriate. While stress is an ongoing and part of everyday life, it is essential that every person learnsRead More Cause for Action Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesharsh tone to Ireland. Furthermore the Irish education was showing a bleak outlook for the future. This created a need for Irish independence therefore making the Gaelic League possible. The Irish population dropped rapidly during the Great Potato Famine causing much of what was left of the Irish speaking people to be no more. The potato was a major crop in Ireland at the time and yet today; in the mid 1800’s it was their only crop because of the amount of nutrients supplied in one potato

Analysis of Edward Albee’s Whose Afraid of Virginia Woolf Free Essays

According to Edward Albee, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? aims to examine whether American society was able to â€Å"live up to the principles of the American Revolution† (qtd in Bottoms 16). In another interview, he noted that the play stands as a response to O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh, a response that acknowledges that the denial of the self leads to fiction and prevents the acceptance of reality (qtd in Bottoms 46). In this sense, one might state that aforementioned play serves as a critique to the way of life led within American societies as it enables and tolerates the denial of reality through the creation of fictitious images of American culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Edward Albee’s Whose Afraid of Virginia Woolf? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is evident if one considers the similarities between the characters within the play. George and Martha stand as representations of the effects of the rapid shifts in the industrial, social, and historical climate within the United States to the individual. Nick and Honey, on the other hand represent the effects of these changes to the individuals whose existence started during this period. Within the play, George stands as the epitome of the individual whose commitment to life the self and to others has been deprecated by his career as an associate professor of history in New England. Martha, on the hand, stands as the embodiment of the angry, strong, and frustrated individual. The couple’s identities were emphasized by their counterparts Nick and Honey. Within the play, Nick represents the opportunistic superficial individual. Like George, who is also a professor, Nick is a new biologist instructor in the college. His wife, Honey, on the other hand is the daughter of a rich family who like Martha is plagued with hatred and terror which may be traced to her husband’s treatment. These feelings are veiled with a pretense of laughter. The characters, within the text, thereby portray distraught individuals who are continuously being destroyed by their pretenses and their failure to accept and realize their selves. Such a realization, however, was achieved by the protagonists (George and Martha) as they were able negotiate their identities as well as the recent failure of their marriage. Note for example that the initial part of the play portrays George and Martha as being engaged in verbal battle. Martha describes her husband as â€Å"A FLOP! A great†¦big†¦fat†¦FLOP† (Albee 84). The later part of the novel, however, shows an end to the verbal battle between the couple as the chasm between illusion and reality has finally been crossed. The question posed by George in the initial part of the play was answered. He states, â€Å"Truth and illusion. Who knows the difference? † (Albee 201). It seems, only those who can accept a life without illusions, one purely founded upon reality can know the difference and in effect can live a ‘real’ life. In the initial part of the essay, it was mentioned that Albee’s purpose for writing the play was to show the American society’s failure to live up to the ideals of the revolution. This failure lies in our failure to go beyond our pre-fabricated illusions. Our failure to face reality as is. How to cite Analysis of Edward Albee’s Whose Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Papers

Cordless tech Essay Example For Students

Cordless tech Essay Wireless technology, from cell phones to business networks is revolutionizing the world we live in. Now we can access the Internet while in our cars, on the beach, and even at dinner. This wave of technology will soon be felt in full force as we begin to travel with the assistance of a computer, run businesses with high quality networks, and check last nights game on our digital phones and personal digital assistants (PDA). Advancements made by wireless technology are allowing us greater degrees of freedom, security, and efficiency. Cars are feeling the wave of wireless technology as we speak. General Motors Corp.s navigation systems subsidiary, OnStar Communications, will provide drivers voice access to the Internet, starting with 30 of its 2001 models. The OnStar service provides airbag deployment notification, remote door unlocking, location services, stolen-vehicle tracking, and remote diagnostics (Wallace). It is easy to see why this technology is sought after, authorities will arrive on the seen faster, thieves will be detoured, and locking ones keys in the car wont incorporate the vandalistic approach once used. Also it is figured that 50-80% of all cellular phone calls are made from vehicles, with this new technology voice activated technology, users can expect to have both hands free while talking. With the new services, drivers will set up profiles from their desktop PC that are then kept on servers in OnStars service centers. With a hands free, voice-activated interface, OnStar subscribers will use voice prompts, such as Start my E-mail or Start my stock quotes to receive information via the Internet. The service will convert Internet text to speech and read the information via synthesizes voice (Wallace). And if that isnt enough, the price ranges from $199 to $399 a year, a great buy, as it will cut ones insurance bill down to size.Trucking companies are also using wireless connections to the Internet. Wireless Internet access is just fine with ePaccar, a division of truck maker Paccar Inc. in Mt Vernon, Wash. The unit is building a package that will let truck drivers access more than weather and directions using a wireless Windows CE device in their cabs. The commercial transportation industry is working on razor-thin profit margins and is fiercely competitive, so the ability to provide the fastest and most fuel-efficient route saves truckers time and money. And providing them with wireless access to load-brokering sites lets them pick up more cargo and make more money without deviating much from their original route (Wallace, Wireless Everything). This technology will revolutionize the way trucking, and driving is done. Getting lost would become a thing of the past, so would getting stuck in bad weather. The possibilities are virtually endless. Wireless hotels are also on the rise; they have several uses of wireless technology, from basic Internet access to transferring an important call to the closest phone. Comdial has a product called Tracker, which is ideal for typical hotel and motel environments. This is a paging service integrated with our Impact Concierge hotel communications system. With Tracker, any employee can be sent a message from the switchboard. Our latest enhancement is Quiktrak. This allows operators to scroll Tracker users from a PC screen to send them messages or alert them to a held call. Since the pagers have LCDs with scrolling, detailed messages can be typed from the PC and sent to any or all pager users. If an important call has arrived, the call can be parked at any system telephone and retrieved by dialing a code. The code is automatically displayed on the pager screen (Adams). This isnt the only advancement they are making though, a growing number of hotels now offer T-1 connections to the internet, as a growing number of business people need to stay connected to the office all the time. In a few cases they have gone a step further, now offering wireless connections to the Internet. This allows the guest to work while killing time in the lobby, or while eating breakfast (Kahaner). .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .postImageUrl , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:hover , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:visited , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:active { border:0!important; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:active , .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854 .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75824bd24929d0f29b70fbabc27f4854:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: French Indian War Essay There are also advances in wireless local access networks (LANs). These networks are now offering high-speed performance, with the additional benefit of not having to wire the building. This means

My Best Friends Wedding Essays - English-language Films, Films

My Best Friends Wedding ?My Best Friend's Wedding? ?You never know what you have until you reach out and it's no longer there.? This quote was given by an unknown source. This is exactly what Jules is experiencing with her best friend Michael. Jules went out with Michael for like a month and he fell in love with her, they broke up, and he fell in love with someone else; Kimmy. Kimmy is perfect in every way, she's sweet, bright-eyed, smart, wealthy, and more. Jules does not like Kimmy that much because Kimmy is so irritatingly perfect, yet Jules is the maid of honor. In a distinct sort of way, Jules is jealous. George, Jules editor, and gay best friend, is pretty much the only sane person in the movie. He try's to tell Jules that it wont work out, and has no chance, but she is determined. All in all, everyone in this movie has bad communication skills and should work on them. While sitting in the restaurant, Jules says to George ?sophomore year at Brown, me and Michael had this relationship, that lasted one hot month......? while she was saying this, she was twisting her hair around her finger, and kind of apprehensive about everything. Everything that you do while talking is pretty much bad commune skills. Like if you fold your arms your supposedly closing the person out that you are talking to. But I don't think that closes people out. I think that if you sit there and roll your eyes, or if your eyes wander, that's not a good communication skills because, it makes you look like you are not paying attention to the person you are listening to. Not everyone is perfect when speaking to others but all of the characters in this movie have bad people skills. In order to perform a more productive conversation there are a few things you must remember NOT to do while speaking/listening. You should not twist your hair around your finger or eat your hair. If you keep ringing you're hands out, you won't have any hands to ring out. Every once in a while, look at the person that you are having the conversation with, you don't necessarily have to stare at them and only them. You can also make listening noises such as ?ugh huh..... oh yeah, mhmmm..., I understand? phrases like that will help you go far in a discussion. Every movie has a conflict no matter what, if its losing a button to a coat or losing your cat named Butch. In the movie My Best Friends Wedding, the conflict is kind of like star-crossed lovers, but they don't die. Ok, Jules is in love with her best friend Michael, but Michael is in love with Kimmy. Yes, Michael still loves Jules, but not in that kind of way. The conflict goes deeper than that though, Jules is so determined to win Michael, that she almost gets him fired from his job as a sports writer. While Jules is plotting her ways to win Michael over, Michael is accusing Kimmy of all of this and thinking that he isn't good enough for her. Which may seem to be good for Jules, it's not, because right about now, she is really starting to think and realize what she is doing is wrong. In conclusion, I think if Jules, Michael, Kimmy and George all want to be friends still, they should practice talking to themselves first and see if they really like the way they act to themselves. If they don't like what they see, well then they might want to reconsider how they act towards others while participating in a conversation. Also, if they want to stop fidgeting then they might want to tie their hands to the back of a chair or just tie them together. Anything to draw their attention their speaker. ?Life is short and love is hard to come by so if you find love hold onto it and never let it go.? Psychology Essays

Origin of the Name the Dead Sea

Origin of the Name the Dead Sea When you hear the name Dead Sea, you might not picture your ideal vacation spot, yet this body of water has been attracting tourists for thousands of years. The minerals in the water are believed to offer therapeutic benefits, plus the high salinity of the water means its super easy to float. Have you ever wondered why the Dead Sea is dead (or if it really is), how salty it is, and why so many people drown in it when you cant even sink? Chemical Composition of the Dead Sea The Dead Sea, nestled between Jordan, Israel, and Palestine, is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world. In 2011, its salinity was 34.2%, which made it 9.6 times more salty than the ocean. The sea is shrinking each year and increasing in salinity, but it has been salty enough to prohibit plant and animal life for thousands of years. The chemical composition of the water isnt uniform. There are two layers, which have different salinity levels, temperatures, and densities. The very bottom of the body has a layer of salt that precipitates out of the liquid.  The overall salt concentration varies according to depth in the sea and the season, with an average salt concentration of about 31.5%. During flooding, the salinity can drop below 30%. However, in recent years the amount of water supplied to the sea has been less than the amount lost to evaporation, so the overall salinity is increasing. The chemical composition of the salt is very different from that of sea water. One set of measurements of the surface water found the total salinity to be 276 g/kg and  ion concentration to be: Cl-: 181.4 g/kg Mg2: 35.2 g/kg Na: 32.5 g/kg Ca2: 14.1 g/kg K: 6.2 g/kg Br-: 4.2 g/kg SO42-: 0.4 g/kg HCO3-: 0.2 g/kg In contrast, the salt in most oceans is about 85% sodium chloride. In addition to the high salt and mineral content, the Dead Sea discharges asphalt from seeps and deposits it as black pebbles. The beach is also lined with halite or salt pebbles. Why the Dead Sea Is Dead To understand why the Dead Sea doesnt support (much) life, consider how salt is used to preserve food. The ions affect the osmotic pressure of cells, causing all of the water inside the cells to rush out. This basically kills plant and animal cells and prevents fungal and bacterial cells from thriving. The Dead Sea is not truly dead because it does support some bacteria, fungi, and a type of algae called Dunaliella. The algae supplies nutrients for a halobacteria (salt-loving bacteria). The carotenoid pigment produced by the algae and bacteria have been known to turn the blue waters of the sea red! Although plants and animals dont live in the water of the Dead Sea, numerous species call the habitat around it their home. There are hundreds of bird species. Mammals include hares, jackals, ibex, foxes, hyraxes, and leopards.  Jordan and Israel have nature preserves around the sea. Why So Many People Drown in the Dead Sea You might think it would be difficult to drown in water if you cant sink in it, yet a surprising number of people run into trouble in the Dead Sea. The density of the sea is 1.24 kg/L, which means people are unusually buoyant in the sea. This actually causes problems because its hard to sink enough to touch the bottom of the sea. People who fall into the water have a hard time turning themselves over and may inhale or swallow some of the saltwater. The extremely high salinity leads to a dangerous electrolyte imbalance, which can harm the kidneys and heart. The Dead Sea is reported to be the second most dangerous place to swim in Israel, even though there are lifeguards to help prevent deaths. Sources: Dead Sea Canal. American.edu. 1996-12-09. Bein, A.; O. Amit (2007). The Evolution of the Dead Sea Floating Asphalt Blocks:Ssimulations by Pyrolisis. Journal of Petroleum Geology. Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 (4): 439–447.I. Steinhorn, In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr. 28(3),1983, 580-583.

Biography of William Shakespeare, Famous Playwright

Biography of William Shakespeare, Famous Playwright William Shakespeare (April 23, 1564–April 23, 1616) wrote at least 37 plays and 154 sonnets, which are considered among the most important and enduring ever written. Although the plays have captured the imagination of theatergoers for centuries, some historians claim that Shakespeare didn’t actually write them. Amazingly, little is known about Shakespeare’s life. Even though he is the world’s most famous and popular playwright, historians have had to fill in the gaps between the handful of surviving records from Elizabethan times. Fast Facts: William Shakespeare Known For: One of historys most famous playwrights, who wrote at least 37 plays, which are still studied and performed to this day, as well as 154 sonnets, which are also highly regardedAlso Known As: The BardBorn: April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon,  EnglandParents: John Shakespeare, Mary ArdenDied: April 23, 1616 in Stratford-upon-AvonPublished Works: Romeo and Juliet (1594–1595), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595–1596), Much Ado About Nothing (1598–1599), Henry V (1598–1599), Hamlet 1600–1601, King Lear (1605–1606), Macbeth ( 1605–1606), The Tempest (1611–1612)Awards and Honors: After Shakespeares death, a funerary monument was erected to honor him at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he is buried. It depicts a half-effigy of The Bard in the act of writing. Numerous statues and monuments have been erected around the world to honor the playwright.Spouse: Anne Hathaway (m.  Nov. 28, 1582–April 23, 1616)Children: Susanna, Judith and Hamnet (twins)Notable Quote: All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. Early Years Shakespeare was probably born on April 23, 1564, but this date is an educated guess because we only have a record of his baptism three days later. His parents, John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, were successful townsfolk who moved to a large house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, from the surrounding villages. His father became a wealthy town official and his mother was from an important, respected family. It is widely assumed that Shakespeare attended the local grammar school where he would have studied Latin, Greek, and classical literature. His early education must have made a huge impact on him because many of his plots draw on the classics. Shakespeare’s Family At age 18, on November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway from Shottery, who was already pregnant with their first daughter. The wedding would have been arranged quickly to avoid the shame of having a child born out of wedlock. Shakespeare fathered three children, Susanna, born in May 1583 but conceived out of wedlock, and Judith and Hamnet, twins who were born in February 1585. Hamnet died in 1596 at age 11. Shakespeare was devastated by the death of his only son, and it is argued that Hamlet, written four years later, is evidence of this. Theater Career At some point in the late 1580s, Shakespeare made the four-day ride to London, and by 1592 had established himself as a writer. In 1594, an event occurred that changed the course of literary history: Shakespeare joined Richard Burbage’s acting company and became its chief playwright for the next two decades. Here, Shakespeare was able to hone his craft, writing for a regular group of performers. Shakespeare also worked as an actor in the theater company, although the lead roles were always reserved for Burbage himself. The company became very successful and often performed in front of the Queen of England, Elizabeth I. In 1603, James I ascended the throne and granted his royal patronage to Shakespeare’s company, which became known as The King’s Men. Shakespeare the Gentleman Like his father, Shakespeare had excellent business sense. He bought the largest house in Stratford-upon-Avon by 1597, owned shares in the Globe Theater,  and profited from some real estate deals near Stratford-upon-Avon in 1605. Before long, Shakespeare officially became a gentleman, partly due to his own wealth and partly due to inheriting a coat of arms from his father who died in 1601. Later Years and Death Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1611 and lived comfortably off his wealth for the rest of his life. In his will, he bequeathed most of his properties to Susanna, his eldest daughter, and some actors from The King’s Men. Famously, he left his wife his â€Å"second-best bed† before he died on April 23, 1616. (This date is an educated guess because we only have a record of his burial two days later). If you visit Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, you can still view his grave and read his epitaph engraved into the stone: Good friend, for Jesus sake forbearTo dig the dust enclosed here.Blessed be the man that spares these stones,And cursed be he that moves my bones. Legacy More than 400 years after his death, Shakespeares plays and sonnets still hold a special place in theaters, libraries, and schools around the world. His plays and sonnets have been performed in nearly every major language on every continent, notes Greg Timmons writing on Biography.com. In addition to the legacy of his plays and sonnets, many of the words and phrases Shakespeare created infuse dictionaries today and are embedded in modern English, including these sayings from some of his plays: All that glitters isnt gold (The Merchant of Venice)Alls well that ends well (Alls Well that Ends Well)To be-all and the end-all (Macbeth)Break the ice (The Taming of the Shrew)We have seen better days (As You Like It)Brave new world (The Tempest)Brevity is the soul of wit (Hamlet)Cruel to be kind (Hamlet)Its Greek to me (Julius Caesar)Something wicked this way comes (Macbeth)Star-crossed lovers (Romeo and Juliet)Wild-goose chase (Romeo and Juliet)The world is my oyster (The Merry Wives of Windsor) Few writers, poets, and playwrights- and Shakespeare was all three- have had the influence on culture and learning that Shakespeare has. With luck, his plays and sonnets may still be revered and studied four centuries from now. Sources â€Å"IWonder - William Shakespeare: The Life and Legacy of Englands Bard.†Ã‚  BBC.â€Å"Shakespeares Words Phrases.†Ã‚  Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.Timmons, Greg. â€Å"William Shakespeares 400th Anniversary: The Life Legacy of The Bard.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 2 Nov. 2018.â€Å"Who Was William Shakespeare? Everything You Need to Know.†Ã‚  Childhood, Life Achievements Timeline, thefamouspeople.com.â€Å"William Shakespeare Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.

Karen Lock Organic Hampers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Karen Lock Organic Hampers - Essay Example Organic food retailers and health food shops have experienced a significant growth in sales volumes of organic product over the last one decade. Much of this growth is advocated the Food Supplements Directive in the UK, which asserted that Organic food retailers and health food shops have to reduce their vitamins & food supplement ranges in order to create space for natural personal care products. The natural products also found their way to the shelves of department stores, chemists, spas, beauty shops, and hair salons. Hair care and skin care are the most popular of all the organic personal care products in the UK. In each of the two categories, there are more than 50 brands, making the market in the UK highly congested and competitive. Organic oral care products have also been observed to be highly popular in the UK, with many people starting to prefer them over those with chemical products. Despite the fact that organic cosmetics have not shared the same level of success with organic oral products, they are projected to experience the highest rate of increase in demand over the next five years. Previously, there were very few players in the organic personal care industry in the UK. However, as the popularity of these products continued to grow, the demand grew too. As a result, many investors saw the industry as a promising one, thus invested in it. At the moment it can be said that the industry is highly congested due to the fact that there are many investors who have opted to invest in this industry. This can easily mean that there are high levels of competition in the industry. As a result, there is an increase in the consumer bargaining power in the UK.

Building Services system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building Services system - Essay Example Distribution of electric power usually entails a complete distribution network. A complete distribution network entails several components including, a distribution substation, primary distribution feeder, a transformer, distributor and the service mains (Fink and Carroll, 2013). The transmitted electric power controlled in substations for primary distribution and use. The distribution system will take the model shown below: This power is then fed to the distribution transformer via the primary distribution feeders. The system will use a voltage of 2,400V. The distribution system to use in this project will take the form shown in the diagram below: The type of distribution system will be ring main electrical distribution system. This is preferred to the radial distribution system in that in case of a transformer failure or feeder failure, power is not interrupted. This is because one ring network of distributors gets power from several feeders. This implies in case one feeder fails to work, the others will still supply power and there would be no power interruptions. Addition this system consists of various section isolates at distinct points in the system. If a problem occurs in any of the isolates, then the others are available to supply power. This system will appear as shown in the figure below For emergency purposes the power system will include an independent reserve power source which will function in case of failure of the primary power source. This power source should be able to function for several hours before the main power supply is rectified. This alternative source of power will consist of an additional independent source of power complete with its independent controls ((Nasar and Unnewehr, 2012). This can be in form of engine driven generators and in this case they will have a voltage of 500 kW. The power system will consist of cables made of copper and aluminum

Women, Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

Women, Science and Technology Essay Mostly one comes across seminars and symposiums on the topic, â€Å"Women, their role in the Society. † One does not come across a topic like, â€Å"Men, their role in the Society! † Men, perhaps, have no role to play! Women actively involved in many types of modern feminist movements declare that women and men are equal! How wrong are the women as for this assertion! Women are God has created them more equal than men! It is the woman who gives protection for the Creative Force for the initial nine months, before God arrives for the second shift and commissions it on Planet Earth and takes further charge. Mary Wyer initiates her discussion on this combustible and ever burning topic with a bang. The discrimination against women, unfortunately done by the male-dominated society is not only an historic fact; it is going on unabated at your left and right currently. Wyer does not mince words when she writes, â€Å"In the United States, the history of women’s participation in science is entangled with debates about women’s intellectual capacities and their roles and responsibilities in relation to men and children. Until the mid-1800s, most women were expressly and specifically excluded from all but basic literacy education, since it was thought that educated women would engage in deviant social and political behavior. It was said that women would refuse to do housework and disobey their husbands if their education was too advanced. †(p, 1) If one sticks to this view in this modern materialistic world which reels under the impact of great technological advances, it can be safely concluded that one is walking back instead of moving forward. Even a cursory glance at the contents of 27 articles contained in V Sections of the book would convince the reader about the abilities of the empowered women! It is not possible to contain this force which is advancing like an avalanche—and why should it be contained at all! According to Wyer, the question is no more representation of women in careers related to the field of biological and social sciences. The question is about under representation. The impact, women scientists are making around the world requires no elaboration. Right at this moment, a woman astronaut is stationed high above in the sky, engaged in various scientific experiments. The highlight of the book is the variety of subjects covered concerning women. One finds in the book extensive coverage related to feminist science studies, of late an attention demanding and exciting field! Feminism is changing science studies in a peculiar way. Women are beginning to advance at a much faster rate in reproductive technology, evolutionary biology, sociobiology etc., according to the facts and statistics provided by the various women authors commissioned by Wyer in the book. Are women changing the science? Or is the science changing the status and outlook of the women? The answer to both the questions is in the affirmative. The book has articles from some of the top authors in feminist science studies. Some of the essays are republished and when the collection is handled by Wyer, it acquires a new authenticity. A couple of autobiographical articles demand credence. Most of the controversial issues related to women are covered in the book. Women are no more afraid of the controversies or creating controversies and find genuine solutions for them. It seems Wyer is advising the women to be ever ready for the life of co-operation or conflicts, as per the circumstances they are placed in. Some of the important contributors are Banu Subamaniaam, Hilary Rose, Harriet Zuckeman, Carol Cohn, Evelyn Fox Keller, Ruth Hubbard, Judy Wajcman, Rachel Maines, Emily Martin, Alison Adam etc. â€Å"The Second World War, in particular, had a dramatic impact on employment opportunities for women who had scientific training as the federal government’s investment in science grew exponentially. †(p,4) One could see he truth of this statement on going through the articles written by women authors, who are intensely related to the world of science. The book has good and authentic research material.

Aquinas? Fifth Way Of Proving Essay -- essays research papers

Aquinas Fifth Way of proving the existence of God Question:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Briefly summarize Aquinas’ Fifth Way of proving the existence of God. What counter-argument does Hume cite in answer to this argument from Design? What is John Hick’s answer to Hume’s argument from Evil? Is he right? Thomas Aquinas theorized five different logical arguments to prove the existence of God utilizing scientific hypotheses and basic assumptions of nature. In the fifth of his famous â€Å"Five Ways†, Aquinas sets forth the assumption that all natural bodies move toward an end. Since bodies are constantly moving in the best way possible to achieve that end, the path must be designed. God, of course, is the ultimate designer of the universe. The natural hypothesis that follows is that God created the universe, including the human race, for a purpose or to achieve an end, and thus the universe and all life moves toward that end constantly and in the best manner possible. Later philosophers who studied Aquinas’ fifth way realized that this theorem is plagued with a problem, the problem of evil. In David Hume’s Design, through the art of conversation and Socratic debate, the two main characters in his essay set forth and decipher the problems of evil and how it may disprove Aquinas’ fifth way among countless other theories of creation by a omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent God. Hume explains that if God created the universe to achieve an end, and if the path toward that end is the best manner to that end, then how does one explain the existence of evils in the universe such as natural disasters, pain, disappointment, anger, sickness and despair. Hume uses the two characters in his essay to display the human point of view regarding the problem of evil, so that he can theorize using actual human experience, feelings, and sensations rather than logical assumptions and scientific hypotheses regarding a universe outside and beyond our own human existence. The essay suggests that the human experience is usually, for the most part, an unhappy one. Hume believes that all humans experience pain, sickness, anguish, nervousness, fear, sadness, embarrassment in some point during their lives. The â€Å"good† feelings humans experience in life, such as joy, love, excitement and pleasure are often few and far between and always less enduring than the â€Å"evil† feelings. For example, I... ... the existence of God and the problem of evil, my mind keeps wandering to one example of human life, Christopher Reeves. He is a man who was blessed with looks, career success as an actor and celebrity, and a happy marriage. One day he becomes paralyzed from the neck down losing everything even the capacity to breath. If God sees this and can change his condition, why doesn’t He? Has is made Reeves a better man or enriched his soul as Hicks would say? Surely Reeves’ life is filled with unhappiness and suffering. Does one have to be aware that they are in the process of soulmaking? And is soulmaking supposed to be good for the individual, for the world at large or just for God? If I could answer these questions, there would be no need for the study of philosophy, as they have no correct answer. I do believe in God, but I do not know why except for a feeling inside which may be inborn or the result of my environment. David Hume’s philosophies are based upon trusting one’s feelings as is evidenced by his reliance on poets instead of scientists. I think I will also go with my feelings on this issue. God does exist but humans may never have the capacity to understand the Hows and Whys. Aquinas? Fifth Way Of Proving Essay -- essays research papers Aquinas Fifth Way of proving the existence of God Question:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Briefly summarize Aquinas’ Fifth Way of proving the existence of God. What counter-argument does Hume cite in answer to this argument from Design? What is John Hick’s answer to Hume’s argument from Evil? Is he right? Thomas Aquinas theorized five different logical arguments to prove the existence of God utilizing scientific hypotheses and basic assumptions of nature. In the fifth of his famous â€Å"Five Ways†, Aquinas sets forth the assumption that all natural bodies move toward an end. Since bodies are constantly moving in the best way possible to achieve that end, the path must be designed. God, of course, is the ultimate designer of the universe. The natural hypothesis that follows is that God created the universe, including the human race, for a purpose or to achieve an end, and thus the universe and all life moves toward that end constantly and in the best manner possible. Later philosophers who studied Aquinas’ fifth way realized that this theorem is plagued with a problem, the problem of evil. In David Hume’s Design, through the art of conversation and Socratic debate, the two main characters in his essay set forth and decipher the problems of evil and how it may disprove Aquinas’ fifth way among countless other theories of creation by a omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent God. Hume explains that if God created the universe to achieve an end, and if the path toward that end is the best manner to that end, then how does one explain the existence of evils in the universe such as natural disasters, pain, disappointment, anger, sickness and despair. Hume uses the two characters in his essay to display the human point of view regarding the problem of evil, so that he can theorize using actual human experience, feelings, and sensations rather than logical assumptions and scientific hypotheses regarding a universe outside and beyond our own human existence. The essay suggests that the human experience is usually, for the most part, an unhappy one. Hume believes that all humans experience pain, sickness, anguish, nervousness, fear, sadness, embarrassment in some point during their lives. The â€Å"good† feelings humans experience in life, such as joy, love, excitement and pleasure are often few and far between and always less enduring than the â€Å"evil† feelings. For example, I... ... the existence of God and the problem of evil, my mind keeps wandering to one example of human life, Christopher Reeves. He is a man who was blessed with looks, career success as an actor and celebrity, and a happy marriage. One day he becomes paralyzed from the neck down losing everything even the capacity to breath. If God sees this and can change his condition, why doesn’t He? Has is made Reeves a better man or enriched his soul as Hicks would say? Surely Reeves’ life is filled with unhappiness and suffering. Does one have to be aware that they are in the process of soulmaking? And is soulmaking supposed to be good for the individual, for the world at large or just for God? If I could answer these questions, there would be no need for the study of philosophy, as they have no correct answer. I do believe in God, but I do not know why except for a feeling inside which may be inborn or the result of my environment. David Hume’s philosophies are based upon trusting one’s feelings as is evidenced by his reliance on poets instead of scientists. I think I will also go with my feelings on this issue. God does exist but humans may never have the capacity to understand the Hows and Whys.

Analyse Your Own Strengths and Weaknesses in Counselling Skills Essay

Use your work from P3 and analyse (consider in detail) it e. g. what are your strengths in counselling skills, why you think they are your strengths and where do you use them. What are your weaknesses, why do you think they are your weaknesses and what can you do to turn them into strengths. For Egan’s first stage I think the strengths that I have in counselling would be that I explained to the client about the contract and confidentiality that is included into the contract that is kept between the counsellor and the client and so with this I was able to use this to be able to show the client that this is a professional relationship and so this is explains the guidelines of what is going to happen between the counsellor and client within the sessions and outside of sessions if contact is needed. This is a strength because the client will think that I am professional because we need to go through the contract first before the starting of any sessions so then they know what is going to happen in the sessions that they are having. It would also be a strength because if I did not explain the contracting at the start of the session then the client would not know what the counsellor does about contacting, name, address, and also if they have been referred here by their GP and explain to them if they need more specialised help and so they would explain at the start if the counsellor would have to refer their client onto someone more specialised so this would be a client that might have drinking or drugs problems and so they would need to explain first that they might refer later on in the sessions and the warning of sending them on. I was also able to explain that confidentiality was also a strength because if the client didn’t know that the confidentiality during the sessions then they might not be open to telling me the counsellor about what their issue is and so then I might take the information that they have said already and be able to spread so I was able to explain the confidentiality so that they know that all they say will stay between me and the client unless they are at risk of harming themselves or others and so I would have to break confidentiality there and I would alarm them of that I am breaking confidentiality by informing others of what they have done. This is a strength because I was able to explain all about confidentiality so that the client is able to know all the information they needed about what is going to happen in the counselling sessions. I would use confidentiality with every patient I am with because they will not trust me otherwise and I would not be able to help them with their issues and that they would want me to keep everything they said otherwise I might be putting them at risk of being harmed. Another strength that I had was that I was able to give unbiased information which means that I was not adding any of my own opinion to the advice that I was giving the client. I think that this was a strength because I didn’t let myself give biased information which could lead me into trouble if they followed my advice, this would also cause the client issues if they were being abused and they followed my advice and I put them at harms way because I told them to make a decision about what their circumstance was and that I could potentially lead them into getting more hurt than they already was. I would use this strength with all the clients that I am attending to because then I am not reliable to be subject to being prosecuted because I told them that they should do this and that and so this meant they might be homeless, severely hurt or even worse that they have lost everything because of one little thing that I have said to them and so unbiased information also protects me the professional from not being subjected to court because of seeing them in the sessions and providing this information to them. Eye contact is a strength of mine because establishing eye contact with the clients that I have to work with allowed me to be able to show them that I was listening to what they have to say and so this made it so that I was not being rude to them because of not looking at them and so this meant they was able to express more to me because of me the professional able to pay attention and see the emotion they are expressing with what they have to say and if they are not saying anything then seeing the emotion that they are able to transpire by being quite but are wanting to express what they want to say without actually saying it. I think this is a strength because they need eye contact to know who they are talking to especially if its couple or group counselling that is taking place. I would use this when being with my clients because they would need to be able to know that I am being assertive to them when they are expressing what they have bottled up for a long time and so this allows them to know that they can trust me. During the session a strength that was pointed out what that I was able to reflect throughout the session and this is a strength because it showed that I am being assertive and being able to reflect back to the client everything they said and also expressing the same emotion that they told me back to them to show them what they are doing and so this shows them what emotion they are putting in with their words so that they know how they are feeling about a certain topic. I think this is a strength because they are able to show that I am not only listening but also taking in the information if I am able to reflect it back to them with the same emotion they are using and so this helps for when I have to give them unbiased information that can relate to the presenting issue. I would use this with the clients I have in the counselling sessions to show that I am capable of helping them if I have the knowledge of what they have said to me and be able to transfer it back to them for the next session so that they are able to vent it all to me so then they can have help. Summarising was also a strength that I was able to do in the counselling session because at the end of the session I was able to take in all the information that the client has discussed and summarise it so that they know I was able to do this by listening to everything they said. I think this is a strength because the client is going to trust me more and then we can start building a helping relationship by being able to make sure that everything that the client has said I take it into account even if it’s the smallest thing. This would be used when I am with clients because showing them that I am able to summarise all what they have discussed shows that I want to help them with their presenting issue. Showing professionalism and exploration are a strength because I was able to represent myself that I am professional and not being personal so that the client can only see me as a professional and not someone who is being non-professional and so this is a strength because then they are not able to now personal things about me that are private and will only make the client confused of who is in the room my personal self or the professional side and that exploration I was able to find more information about the client by asking open questions so that I was able to help them with the presenting issue at hand. I would use this with the clients because then I am not letting them see my other side and sticking to professionalism and that exploring is an easier way to finding all the information the client has on that topic and so this means being able to help a lot faster and maybe even resolving the issue. The weaknesses that occurred in the first stage was that at the start of the session I was not being focussed, this is a weakness because then I was not paying attention to the client and they might have said something important or urgent that needs attending to for example if they said they was going to kill their family and I ignored that then I could potentially making her family at risk of being hurt or even murdered because I was not paying attention. To turn this into a strength I need to be more focussed that means I need to be focussed as soon as they enter the room so that I do not miss anything they say or express on their face. Another weakness was that I was also judgemental to the client with what they say and this is a weakness because I should not being judging them on what is going on with their life or how they look because I do not know them or their life so this could have been the way they was born and judging them only makes me feel guilty about what I am thinking about them and can lead me into getting distracted. I can turn this into a strength by making sure that no matter who my client is I am not allowed to judge because nobody is perfect and not all people have the same life as me and so that they may need more help. Egan’s second stage I think that the strengths I have are that I was challenging the client by asking open questions so that they are forced to tell me more information and not just a simple yes or no answer and something that they would have to think about, this is a strength because it made them feel like I was caring because I was asking the open questions to be able to dig deep into the presenting issues and so this would help me be able to resolve the issue and help them with their life. I would use this to e able to tackle the client that have difficulty in expressing what they want to say because they are either scared, worried or terrified of what my reaction might be. Another strength I have is repeating the issue to the client to allow them to continue where they might have left off, I think this is a strength because it might be that they were heading is the right direction because this might be about the presenting issue that they have and so allowing me to repeat it to them to continue allows them more chance to get everything they’ve probably wanted to say off their chest. I would use this with every client I see because at least I am showing them that I remember what they said and also allowing them to remember so they are able to express what they want. The weaknesses that I occurred through the second stage was that I made the client feel uncomfortable by leaving awkward silences I think this is a weakness because if it’s a new client then this means I still am trying to know this person and they might not be happy that they would tell a complete stranger all about the secrets they have been hiding for years and so this meant I was waiting on them to answer one of my open questions or waiting for them to present an issue that I am able to help them with, the way I would turn this into a strength is that instead of waiting on them to answer me I could get them to do activities like drawing or ball game so that they are able to trust me and start the conversation going. Another weakness was that I introduced myself again and so this is a weakness because this could be passed on to the client as though I am forgetful of who my clients are so I need to introduce myself again and this could lead the client in not trusting me beca use if I have to do this then I probably can not remember the conversations that I am having with my clients and who they are. To turn this into a strength I need to not introduce myself again but make sure that they are aware that I am there as a professional and so the introduction needs to be happening at the start of a new client. The strengths that occurred in the third stage was that that I was able to look back at the last session which is reflecting and this is a strength because I was more able to express all the emotion they had put into the conservations over time and so this means that I can help them more and they can see what emotion they are expressing to me when I mention a certain topic and develop on this because if a topic that they mentioned is a lot more expressed than another than this can help the client be able to think more about this topic and if it can resolve the presenting issue. I would use this with my client because they need to know that I am being aware of what they are saying to me and also the emotion they are putting into it. Another strength was that I was able to recap on the SMART targets that were set in the second stage and so this is a strength because when recapping on these targets it can help the client be able to show me that they have achieved some of their targets and also review the ones that have not been met and see if we cant change it to make it smarter so that they don’t feel like they are unable to achieve it, I would use this strength with all my clients because being able to set SMART targets enables not only me but also the client to be focussed on what they want to do so this might mean setting a target such as if my client was pregnant and needed to tell the father than this means the target will be able to help her be able to tell him using the SMART example and that this might make her feel better because if she can do this then she will be able to set other targets than can do with this subject and if she cannot for fill the target for some reason then maybe we can change the target to ones that are easier. The weaknesses that occurred in the third stage was that I spoke too much to the client and this is a weakness because this meant that I was overloading the client with too much information that they might not be able to take it all in and so feel really confused with what I am saying and then feel like they are not able to ask again because I might say it all again and overload them. I think that to turn this into a strength is that when I need to tell them information is too inform them first that I need to give them information and make it clear to them and then ask if they got everything I said and that they understand. Another weakness was that I was not focused again which meant that I didn’t turn it into a strength because I was able to do it again and this mean that this is a weakness because I didn’t listen to my own advice of being able to turn it into a strength and so this means that I need to be more focussed otherwise it can lead to consequences on the client and also me the professional. To turn this into a strength is that I need to stay focussed on every client that I see even if I don’t believe the client or that I know they are telling lies because they have changes their story from the previous session.

Political Violence and Gangsters Essay

Eventually, due to many reports of violence and killings being associated with D’Andrea, he decided to withdraw from politics instead of his political ambitions being linked with blood shedding. Immediately after his withdrawal from politics, he and his friend started receiving death threats. On May 11, 1921, as D’Andrea was moving to his home with who used to be his bodyguard, they parted well and on reaching his doorsteps, he was attacked and suffered internal bleeding. Other incidences of violence which were politically oriented were witnessed in Chicago city after Merriam Charles who was a professor lost in the elections of Chicago reforms. He made it clear that Chicago was the most corrupt city in America. Until the times of Cermark, the issue of one monolithic was no more, but instead establishment of a collection of mini machines. Such machineries were controlled by prominent political factotums who dispensed their jobs in favor to their home constituents in return due to their loyalty on the material election date. An alderman’s clout purely depended on liability of political structures and schemes to have his vote delivered. In this city, the question of either winning or losing never rose to the politicians but the organizations definitely won the battles through all means because always the court was based on pluralities. (Write here Author’s name)Could you write here author’s name please? Introduction. The Chicago’s criminal reputation preceded long the wars between beer and Al Capone. Although they were born during the same year as sensationalists, American’s new and penny press fear of a masteries working class, the city was perceived even to its earliest observers as a hotbed of immorality and criminal events. Cases of theft murder, rape and crimson among other mayhems became the town’s breaking news in most of the media services. According to the cities complain that the business stealing horses had been reduced to a regular system in 1840, the tribune echoed the perception of the countless Chicagoans (Wirth 1965, p.77). Within the course of the same year, around 2,500 cities’s first hangings were reportedly and confirmed. As the time went on, observers from both beyond and within the city continued to note the existence of identifiable events of crime under ward. In the democrat ward, it was still getting to be notorious fact that pickpockets, thimble, robbers, three-shell game players and broad cases of sly tricks application to cheat become perfectly in the city. The criminal reputation in the city was enhanced by the visibility of vice (Brumer 1969, p.28). Within a half century’s period, more cases of gambling were reported in the city than the larger city of Philadelphia and more per capita than in New York. The vice was first concentrated in a certain area along the river of Chicago known as the ‘patches’ where by the tribune interpreted it as the most beastly sensuality and darkest place of criminal events. The city’s reputation was also wicked as many people witnessed the fire of that time as divine retribution which was against a modern day of Sodom and Gomorrah. The case of lawlessness after the conflagration provided no cause for optimism. One of the newspapers called the city reported that the entire city was infested with groups of burglars, thieves and cut-throat, bent on plunder and also murdered. The fire did not show any sense of redemption whereby the Chicago’s reputation darkened with time. As a result of existence of the image of lawlessness, violent labor dispute crisis increased especially with the Hay market crisis (Davis 1960, p.78). Understanding Political Violence. There is more to the modern political regions than the political religions and rituals sematics as it is assumed regarding to National Socialism and other regimes in totalitarian. Political style and other ideologies do not matter although they provide an answer to as how dead certainty came to be achieved by the ultimate mission. The revolutionary terror furies and sacrifice of the national revivalism give provision that in the current world, it is the region that is in violence but not the violence in region. Human rights violations, including the torture, kidnappings and murder were the daily phenomenon in Chicago city in 1920th. It had become a normal issue that disappearances and murder of labor leaders, kidnapping, union organizers and leftists to be increase especially during the events of politics. According to the research, many people were assassinated as a result of politically motivated killings in the country. Political violence and social change should be considered as the major factor as a breeding ground for violence. The focus should be to the armed organizations mainly the terror perpetrators who are not within the military operations. The aspect of how the political and economic situations in different social strata and how they link with violence should also is considered. Both armed organizations and terror contribute to economic decline. Armed conflicts are more common in the transitional societies like Chicago than in advanced countries (Green 19995, p.65 ). The killing of the vice leader by the name Jim Colosimo in the year 1920 which was the first year of prohibition, indicated a new phase in Chicago’s violence. The violent bloodily a beer wars between the year 1924 and 1930 made Al Capone very famous and the city synonymous with a new phenomenon of gangsterism. Notoriety in Chicago city grew due to series of violent incidences including; the 194 violent shooting of gang leader Dion O. Banion in his flower shop in North side, 1926 machine gunning of Hymie Weiss near the Holy Name Cathedral, 1929 Saint Valentine’s Day massacre which was done to seven people in a clerk street garage. These cases were very widely reported in the international press and also became the incidents of subjects of the popular contemporary plays and books (Haller 1973, p.254). Political Violence and Gangsters. To outline how politics contributed to violence activities in Chicago in 1920th, Chicago’s Union Siciliana elaborates how the decade was marked with series of slaughter. The organization of Unione siciliana was like a mafia group which was very mysterious. It was composed of the Camorra and the Black Hand. This organization was among thousands of fraternal organizations established in America for the purpose of mutual benefit in the societies. It was organized in the Chicago city and had limitations in membership. Depending with the organizations rules, the natives from other countries were interested to join and they were allowed, whereby at the end of first world war, there were many lodges of non Sicilians among them being Tuscan lodge, the Ventiam lodge, the Roman lodge and many more (Mc Garry 2004, p.556). The Union had no leadership but only membership. The leadership of Unione siciliana was exclusivity a stone in the shoe in most infamous gangs always. Al Capone whose heritage was in Neapolitan was associated with the responsibility of the killings of the most Unione Siciliana leaders during the 1920s due to their gang allegiances. Within the decade of 1920s, Anthony D’Andrea was appointed as the leader of the Chicago’s Unione Siciliana. Being born in Sicily, Anthony was a graduate from Palermo University who was a linguist and at the same time, he had studied priesthood. In the year 1902, he was convicted due to counterfeiting and forced to serve 13 months in the prison. In 1903, a former student of D’Andrea interceded on his behalf whereby Anthony was pardoned by the president Theodore Roosevelt. In Chicago, Anthony D’Andrea was known as the former power in the old red light district because in his early teens he was linked as being in connection to a certain gang of Italian counterfeiters and also bank robberies that based operations throughout the country. During this time, Ignacio who was also called Lupo the wolf Saietta was put under arrest in the city of New York and imprisoned. On the other hand Anthony and Frank Milano were also involved in counterfeiting and apprehended in Cleveland and both charged. This indicated that the Italian underworld criminals may have been networking together for long time prior to prohibition (Merriam 1929, p.78). When Anthony D’Andrea was released from prison in the year 1903, he proceeded to Chicago and settled in the so called 19th ward. He was interested with politics and joined local unions. D’Andrea’s Brother Joseph who was the president in the Sewer Diggers was later involved in the Peon system of extorting money from the Italian robberies. As a result, he was murdered on the canal street during a labor quarrel as they were budding the Union’ station. Consequently, it was noted that his brother Anthony D’Andrea would take his position of a presidency. John powers had been the Alderman and the democratic political boss in the 19th ward since the year 1888 had won the Alderman’s post in the ward for 16 elections consecutively (Shapiro 1988, p.143). It is from this time when the ward transformed from predominately Irish to around 80 percent Italian. Most of the democrats started to look for Italian democrat to represent them whereby Diamond Joe was the representative of Italian republican voters within the ward. Earliest on, the split between powers and D’Andrea had been noticed in 1915. The difference was due to each one of them supporting a different mayor candidate. In 1916, D’Andrea presented himself for the Democratic nominations against powers picked candidate James Bowler. In the same year, a Bowler supporter was killed in a Taylor street saloon. Police from streets of Maxwell claimed Lombardi Bowler’s killing as being just the latest addition to Black Hand toll. On the same month, Chicago’s daily tribune printed an article with title that, police on guard in two homes in Mafia terror (Hagan 1978, p.112). According to the article, it indicated that police had full confidence that the killing was as a result of Sicilian feud as it was opposed to the 19th ward political war. According to John Landesco with organized crime in Chicago, he declared that D’Andrea was the elected as the Unione Siciliana’s president which was one of the strongest organizations of foreign groups in America. When power noticed his defeat, he tired to make peace with D’Andrea whereby D’Andrea accepted to support powers for adreman’s position. The Supreme Court of Illinois however voided the election results and Powers took the position. When these events turned, there was a declaration of political war to the death (Gosnell 1937, p.432). On September 28, 1920, an explosion of bomb was witnessed on the porch of Alderman Power’s residence. Powers political rivals claimed that, Powers was keeping the house on Alister place so they intended him to claim residency within his 19th ward. Sometime after the explosion, Anthony D’Andrea was recorded announcing his candidacy as a non partisan for alderman’s position in that 9th ward. On the Feb. 11, 1921 just eleven days before the elections of the aldermanic, another powerful explosion of bomb was evident at Anthony D’Andrea’s political rally in the building on the Avenue of Blue Islands. After the incidence, Alderman Powers was the most sympathetic man. In response to these incidences, the Illinois state’s Attorney Robert E. who for long had proved to be a person of integrity reacted to the bombing incidences through vowing to have new state bill. He declared that, whoever was to be caught with bombing cases would serve for 25 years in penitentiary with death sentence as the maximum punishment. He also added that whoever who was to be caught placing a bomb where it can endanger children or women would be hanged. Chicago city had very tough and terrible conditions in the nineteenth ward. The gunmen were patrolling all over in the streets. Many bump off and kidnapping threats were being offered to D’Andrea while his supporters were being threatened and slugged. Gunmen and cutthroats had been imported from Buffalo and New York due to campaign intimidation. Within less than one week later, on the Feb. 18th, an explosion was made at the home of D’Andrea’s territorial area which adversely spoiled D’Adrea’s political offices of campaign headquarter. Immediately after each occurrence of bombing, Powers covered himself through posting $2,000 as a reward to capture and arrest the concerned perpetrators (Lesswell 1939, p.87). On the elections day in Feb. 22, 1920, security officers were ready very early in full force throughout Chicago city. They succeeded to arrest around 150 men during the day time. The most notorious one was Edward O Donnell who was the leader of a certain gang in southern sides. The day’s biggest catch included that of dynamite. In the area where the law enforcement officers called the headquarter for pre-election bomb outrage in the 19th ward, the security officers managed to raid a certain farm near the 71st street and the Avenue Central park. They were able to collect around 200 pounds of uncovered dynamite and many sacks of blasting powder indicating that those were the major bomb manufacturing centers. From the residence, two men were arrested (Wirth 1973, p.99). Within the 19th ward, more than 450 police officers were stationed. Before noon on the same day, 50 violators were under the police custody. In surprise, despite the fact that many security officers were put in place, three people from the camp of powers including the election judge and the precinct captain had already been kidnapped in the morning section. Power emerged as the winner by a slim margin of only 435 votes. This however did not put to an end the criminal activities and war. In less than just three weeks after conducting the elections, two precinct captains of Powers where killed mercilessly by gangsters. On March 9th, 1920 at around 9 in the morning section, Bailiff A. who was a municipal court Deputy was attack by two bandits as he walked to work. Just a few distant from that scene the same man was attacked again and hit nine times to death. After the murder of Bailiff A, another man by the name Raimond was also murdered while in his store of cigar on Taylor Street. After the incidence, two of the killers ran from the store and dropped one of the murder weapons on sidewalk. It was immediately speculated that most of the gunmen who were involved in the two killing were imported from New York. On April, 12 of the same year, D’Andrea who used to carry a gun for his own safety purposes was arrested after a social club was raided where the gun was found in his pocket. Also several men were arrested for being found gambling in the club (Woodiwiss 2001, p.71). Eventually, due to many reports of violence and killings being associated with D’Andrea, he decided to withdraw from politics instead of his political ambitions being linked with blood shedding. Immediately after his withdrawal from politics, he and his friend started receiving death threats. On May 11, 1921, as D’Andrea was moving to his home with who used to be his bodyguard, they parted well and on reaching his doorsteps, he was attacked and suffered internal bleeding. Other incidences of violence which were politically oriented were witnessed in Chicago city after Merriam Charles who was a professor lost in the elections of Chicago reforms. He made it clear that Chicago was the most corrupt city in America. Until the times of Cermark, the issue of one monolithic was no more, but instead establishment of a collection of mini machines. Such machineries were controlled by prominent political factotums who dispensed their jobs in favor to their home constituents in return due to their loyalty on the material election date. An alderman’s clout purely depended on liability of political structures and schemes to have his vote delivered. In this city, the question of either winning or losing never rose to the politicians but the organizations definitely won the battles through all means because always the court was based on pluralities. (Landesco,1973) During the Election Day, a message was being sent stating that the enemy should be punished and destroyed such that he can never think of politics again in future. The end justified the resulting means in time of insuring a victory decisive in the often grim Darwinistic struggle for life and death. Threat campaigns, brass knuckles, and even murder came to be the only preferred tactics methods especially when the normal ways of using propaganda and persuading voters seemed not to work. The violence associated with Al Capone and the terror campaigns during the election eve in 1923, he waged against the other political bosses of Cicero. Al Capone tried to invade the blue-collar factory in Chicago town when things proved to be too not for him. Capone was the only piker in the town. Intimidation and violence was the Chicago’s way out, and its roots historically extended very much in those times as compared to the rollicking era of Big Fellow and the bathtub gin. Chicagoans much involvement was in the political elections results not considering distractions of the professional sports televisions and other diversions of 20th century than today. In every ward, there was organization of social clubs which aimed to boost the areas preferred candidates. In the city, there were pageantry of colorful parades, torch light rallies, bombastic oratory emissions of sets of smoke were all over the meeting halls and also scattered all over the city (Adamic 1931, p.56). All these events were to show important senses ethnic pride hopes neighborhood identity, fears and also prejudices which vested in candidate’s fortune and enough courage to descend out of the same dominant nationality which was found within the wards. At times a Republican club or the Democratic club engaged in rival organizations which represented some other districts and the ethnic groups in woolly and wild free for alls which were often settled by bats, bricks and also pavement stones. In 1928, Aiello Capone war was still controlled by Unione Siciliana in Chicago. In April, 1928 elections, Capone supporters were heavily backing their Uniuone Siciliana candidate Bernard Barasa. This group had been associated with a number of explosions in connection with his campaigns although he lost the battle to the incumbent with more than 100, 000 votes. Immediately after the primary elections, Capone left for Miami Beach. In late June 1928, other leaders who included Fischetti Charley, Dab Serritella and Jake Guzik visited the boss. Soon they were accompanied by the famous machine gun jack and other killing twins who had been associated with murder of two Chicago killings of police officers. They discussed the fate of Frank Uale, who was the national president of Unione Siciliana in the state of New York. The next visit of Capone to Chicago was to attend the funeral of Lombardo Anthony, who was the Capone; sponsored president in Chicago.Lombardo had been killed by Aiello forces. As Capone was leaving Chicago, he met Lollordo and discovered that he could be threat to him in aspirating the presidential seat. On January, 8, 1929, Lolordo was shot with .38 Caliber guns without any warning (Landesco 1931, p.68). Conclusion. Some few years later, the long awaited reformist aim of shadowy conspirators who were seeking for control of Chicago’s violence situation got the public attention in the city when vice entrepreneur and boot legging Al Capone and Torrio John rose and prominence shocking violence. Their main agenda discussed about the earliest depictions of the criminal events which oriented from election activities during the boot legging time. They ignored many illegal businesses from international liquor trading networks t neighborhood soft drinks parlors. It also ignored public demands for booze which focused on competition in violence among the gangs in dominations of the illegal trading especially in urban space. Their illustrations also show the fuzzy and ever shifting turf of major gangsters around 1925 which suggests that no Chicagoan could control some of the gang. Generally these criminal events indicated that the city of Chicago had no well established rules to govern the country’s activities. It is also noted that most of the organizations associated with violence were supported and funded by the prominent political aspirant’s. At the same time, more groups of gangs formed due to the advantage of political crisis. For instance, the robberies, arson, rape among other evil events. All these symbolized government’s failure to provide enough security force to curb the problem. References. Adamic L, (1931), Dynamite: The story of classic violence in America, London. Asbury H, (2002).The Gungs of New York.London. Brumer H, (1969), Symbolic Interactionsm.Berkly. Davis H, (1960).Reinhold Niebuhr on Politics: New York Gosnell H, (1937).Machine Politics: Chicago Model. Chicago. Green P, (1995).The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition. Carbondale. Hagan J, (1978).Modern Criminology. New York. Haller M, (1973).Organized Crime in Chicago Part iii of the Illions crime survey 1929.Chicago. Landesco J, (1973), Organized Crime in Chicago: Part iii of the Illions Crime Survey 1929.Chicago. Lasswell H, (1939).World Revolutionary Propaganda: A Chicago Study. New York. McGarry j, (2004).The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford. Merriam C, (1929).Chicago: A More Intimate View of Urban Politics.New York. Shapiro H, (1988).White Violence and Black Response: Amherst. Wirth L, (1965).On Cities and social life.Chicago. Woodiwiss M, (2001), Organized Crime and American Power. Toronto.

New Galaxy essays

New Galaxy essays By utilizing various stylistic elements that evoke feelings in people, Alma Thomas creates an aesthetic painting that is not only pleasing to the eye, but also to the soul. The painting, cleverly named, New Galaxy, was done in 1970 with acrylic paint. Thomas painted New Galaxy on a 54 x 54 inch canvas. Through the use of a monochromatic blue color scheme, vertical lines, and impressionistic brush strokes, Alma Thomas conveys feelings of calmness, strength and renewal in her painting New Galaxy. The first element that caught my eye when I came across the painting was the mostly monochromatic color of the painting. Although a very small portion of the left side of the painting is painted with light pinks and whites, the vast majority of New Galaxy is painted in about three different blues. After contemplating the title of the painting, I figured that the artist used the small light pink and white part of the painting to represent the old part of an ancient galaxy. The bright blue portion of the painting represents calmness and confidence in the New Galaxy. The artist juxtaposed the small portion of light pink and white and the much larger portion of blues to emphasize the change from feelings of confusion to feelings of tranquility. The color blue resembles water. Water is usually calm and the sound of water flowing is very soothing to the ear. The calm and soothing characteristics of water are clearly presented with Thomas use of a monochromatic blue color scheme i n her painting. The painting itself is expressed in a number of tiny vertical lines. The lines are carefully placed very close together, both side-by-side and on top of one another. Not only does the use of vertical lines provoke feelings of strength, they also convey feelings of stability. When I looked at New Galaxy, the plethora of vertical lines overwhelmed me with feelings that the fresh galaxy was going to outlast the old one, surpa ...

Sample Letter of Recommendation for an MBA Applicant

Sample Letter of Recommendation for an MBA Applicant MBA applicants need to present at least one recommendation letter to admissions committees, and most schools ask for two or three.  Letters of recommendation are typically used to support or strengthen other aspects of the MBA application.  For example, some applicants use recommendation letters to highlight their academic record or professional accomplishments, while others prefer to highlight  leadership or management experience. Choosing a Letter Writer When choosing someone to write your recommendation, it is very important  to select someone who is familiar with you and your accomplishments. Many MBA applicants choose an employer or direct supervisor who can discuss their work ethic, leadership experience, or professional achievements. A letter writer who has seen you manage employees or overcome obstacles is also a good choice. Another option is a professor or a fellow student from your undergraduate days. Some applicants also choose someone who supervised their volunteer or community work. Sample MBA Recommendation Below is a sample recommendation for an MBA applicant. This letter was written by a supervisor for her direct assistant.  The letter highlights the students strong work performance and leadership ability. These traits are important for MBA applicants, who must be able to perform under pressure, work hard, and lead discussions, groups, and projects while enrolled in their program. The claims made in the letter are supported by  very specific  examples, which help reinforce the points the letter writer is trying to make. Finally, the recommender outlines the ways in which the subject could contribute to an MBA program. To Whom It May Concern: I would like to recommend Becky James for your MBA program. Becky has worked as my assistant for the last three years. During that time, she has been moving toward her goal of enrolling in an MBA program by building her interpersonal skills, honing her leadership ability, and gaining hands-on experience in operations management. As Beckys direct supervisor, I have seen her demonstrate strong critical thinking skills and  the leadership capabilities necessary for success in the management field. She has helped our company achieve many goals through her valuable input as well as a  persistent dedication to our organizational strategy. For example, just this year Becky helped to analyze our production schedule and suggested an effective plan to manage bottlenecks in our production process. Her contributions helped us achieve our goal of minimizing scheduled and unscheduled downtime.   Becky may be my assistant, but she has risen to an unofficial leadership role. When team members in our department arent sure what to do in a given situation, they often turn to Becky for her thoughtful advice and support on various projects. Becky never fails to assist them. She is kind, humble, and seems very comfortable in a leadership role. Several of her fellow employees have come into my office and expressed unsolicited compliments in regards to Beckys personality and performance. I believe that Becky will be able to contribute to your program in a number of ways. Not only is she well-versed in the field of operations management, she also has a contagious enthusiasm that encourages those around her to work harder and achieve solutions for both personal and professional problems. She knows how to work well as part of a team and is able to model appropriate communication skills in almost any given situation. For these reasons  I highly recommend Becky James as a candidate for your MBA program. If you have any questions regarding Becky  or this recommendation, please contact me. Sincerely, Allen Barry, Operations Manager, Tri-State Widget Productions

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

No topic - Essay Example The ideological difference between the Asian drama and the western drama shows a perfectly structured media system in terms of respect for the culture and citizenship as a whole. This research paper explains concepts necessary for understanding of media of globalization and citizenship. Korean Wave (and Korea Herald articles): Korean wave as a global concept plays a very vital role in the understanding of the media of globalization. This is because as a media personality, comparing and contrasting the various views regarding Korean wave as international concept. Significance of the Korean wave additionally brings in the notion of globalization culturally in inter-Asian cultural studies (p.50). Per se, understanding of media of globalization and citizenship requires outstandingly unique and worldly accepted concepts. The Korean Wave presents such uniquely required concepts especially in looking at this cultural media of globalization and citizenship. Korean wave concept liberally presents the concepts of racial proximity, cultural proximity and their limitations. This implies that media of globalization and citizenship is a conglomerate mass media concept which should be an important part of

Panera Bread Video Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Panera Bread Video Case Study - Essay Example The case is relevant to the analysis of the various concepts of management given that the CEO manages to address various concepts of management. Connecting management functions Effectiveness & Efficiency The video relates to the concept of effectiveness and efficiency in the sense that the CEO noted that the company has managed to maintain quality in its products. The CEO highlights the fact that there is standardization of quality across all the branches of the company in efforts to reduce duplication. In terms of efficiency, the company saves on time by delivering its services on time without much delay. The video highlights employees of the company engaging in various activities in haste. Four functions of management and the order in which managers perform each function Planning Planning involves the manager determining the goals of the business and how the business is going to achieve such goals. This is based on the vision and mission statement of the company. In the case of Pan era Bread, the company established a vision at the start of the business and has managed to follow the vision all through (Lipman 19). Organizing Organizing involves managers allocating resources and assigning employees tasks that are in line with the achievement of the company vision. ... Panera Bread CEO is such a great leader because of his working style. He spends a great deal of his time around the business and this motivates his employees towards delivering quality services. Controlling Controlling involves monitoring of performance to ensure that the goals of the company are being met. The CEO of Panera Bread notes that the business has been critical on the issue of expanding its operations because they want the business to meet its visions. There is the use of customer feedback in an effort to match results with performance. Reflections on insights, ideas and questions The greatest insight from the Panera Bread Video case study is that the survival of a business majorly depends on is vision. Vision outlines the expected achievement of the business within a predetermined time period (Lipman 20). The CEO of Panera Bread noted that the company has managed to pursue its vision that it had determined when the company was being incorporated. This has had the effect o f ensuring that the business puts its focus on its objectives. It is no wonder that Panera Bread has remained relevant and competitive for a long period of time. The other insight is that a successful business should incorporate the mentality of people serving people instead of people serving the business. Panera Bread CEO notes that this ensures that the business exists for the sake of serving customers and getting them satisfied. There is also the idea that entrepreneurs should be passionate about doing business in addition to having the desire to make money out of the business. This ensures that the business owner gives out the best of his or her potential and that there is active involvement in the operations of the business (Lipman 23). Despite being the

Bussiness memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussiness memo - Assignment Example In spite of the fact that the essentials of satellite correspondences are reasonably clear, there is a colossal financing needed in building the satellite and propelling it into space (Verma et al ). All things considered numerous correspondences satellites exist in circle around the globe and they are generally utilized for an assortment of requisitions from giving satellite telecommunications connections to guide television and the utilization of satellite telephone and singular satellite correspondence joins. However, satellite correspondences frameworks give huge levels of adaptability and versatility give the open doors to numerous satellite interchanges frameworks (Macy et al ). In spite of the fact that the beginning base expenses are high, frequently new remote stations could be included moderately economically as new lines dont have to be introduced to give correspondence to the new remote station, not at all like wire based telecommunications frameworks or numerous physical remote connections were repeater stations may be required. Here the satellite empowers correspondences to be created over substantial separations - well past the viewable pathway. Correspondences satellites may be utilized for some requisitions including transferring phone calls, giving interchanges to remote territories of the Earth, giving satellite interchanges to ships, flying machine and other portable vehicles, and there are a lot of people more courses in which interchanges satellites could be utilized (Helfers 415). Verma, Ajeet Singh, et al. "Measurement of reliability and availability of satellite communication links: Progress and challenges."Â  Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP), 2013 International Conference on. IEEE,

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay Health issues are the primary concern of the government and needs to be dealt with high priority. This project is about ABC hospital trust which is under performing given the available hospital infrastructure. The desired result is to improve the hospital infrastructure and provide relief to the local community. There are two options available: 1) New Build project 2) Refurbishment of the old hospital building. The new build project seems to be a sound financial investment with regards to the public sector procurement. Benefits to be derived from this would be lower operational costs, lower maintenance costs, lower energy consumption, better budget control, high quality, improved functionality, and timely completion of the project. In Public sector procurement great deal of preference should also be given to the full life value of the project rather than short term capital cost. This report is a consideration of different procurement options with respect to addressing the objectives of the client and to achieve best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement. It also presents a project management plan that includes various tasks which needs to be carried out for successful completion of the project. The Work Breakdown structure (WBS), linear responsibility Chart (LRC) and Action Plan (AP) are used to illustrate the type and scope of work which needs to be done over the entire life of the project. By taking all these factors in to consideration the integrated approach in the form of Design and build- Novation is adjudged as the best form of procurement. The main points which make this system reliable are speed of construction, single point responsibility (usually a contractor who would be responsible for managing the design and construction of the project); savings in cost along with maintain design standards throughout the phases of the project. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 66-90) INTRODUCTION The project is to provide a 6 storey hospital building providing acute care, accident and emergency, maternity and outpatient provision according to NHS Estates own design standards. Majority of the building will be given to inpatient services. The new build project option would comprise not only of the hospital building but also the associated road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping drainage and external works along with office accommodation, restaurant, and warehouse and delivery areas. The new build site is derelict and has been demolished to the ground level. It was used by heavy industry and has slabs and foundation remaining. The site is also subjected to subsidence and requires ground stabilization. There is a derelict pedestrian bridge which needs to be demolished. Also there are mineshafts which need to be blocked before the commencement of construction as it would be a major safety hazard. The refurbishment option of the existing building would involve substantial refurbishment and remodeling of the existing building. This would require intricate phasing and planning to allow its healthcare activities to continue. This would hinder the progress of the project which could in turn affect project completion times. The trust cannot afford this as they have limited time in their hands to make the facilities operational. Moreover substantial refurbishment and remodeling would involve costs which will be highly uncertain. The client is familiar with only conventional or the traditional procurement system. Traditional system requires design to be completed well before the actual construction commences. The sequential, fragmented and confrontational nature of the traditional system can result in lengthy design and construction periods, poor communication between clients and the project team and problems of buildability. (Masterman, 2006). The client has only 48 months to get the improved facilities operational. Hence, due to time constraint the client needs recommendation for new types of procurement systems to cope up with project deadlines and budget. STAKEHOLDERS A project stakeholder is a person or a group of people who have a vested interest in the success of the project and the environment within which the project operates. (Olander Landin, 2005, p. 1). The inference is that stakeholder can be an individual or a group of individuals which have the power to be a threat or a benefit for the project. Project managers should try to address the concerns of all stakeholders with effective communication to avoid conflicts and controversies in the project to ensure smooth completion of the project. (Olander Landin, 2005, pp. 1-8). Lack of integral engagement with stakeholders could also lead to failure of the project. They form an integral part of the project and one of the crucial factors in smooth completion of project. On the other hand, Business also has some stake in the individuals or groups for using their resources or their influences for running the business. (Walker Marr, 2001) For this purpose they have to be analysed in the following way : Identification of stakeholders Stakeholder mapping by Power/interest matrix Power/predictability matrix Stakeholder Management IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS Different stakeholders that can be associated with this project will be ABC hospital trust, City council local authority, Project manager, Architects, Contractors, Material Suppliers, Site Engineer, Structural consultants, NHS, Health and safety regulations, Wild life conservation, Insurance company, General Public- end users(patients and visitors),Hospital employees, Fire department. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING Stakeholder mapping can be done by arranging all the stakeholders of this hospital project into Power/Level of interest matrix and Power/Predictability matrix. Power / Level of Interest Matrix for this project Stakeholders with low level of interests and low power are easy to manage and would require minimal effort. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interests and low power to influence them needs to be informed about the major decisions of the project. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with low level of interest but with high power should be dealt with carefully and should be kept satisfied, failing to which their level of interests will rise and they will become stakeholders with high power and high level of interest. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interest and high power are key players and should be given top priority. The strategy of the project should have their consent at all times. (Newcombe, 2003) Power / Predictability Matrix for this project According to Power/Predictability matrix following inferences can be obtained: Stakeholders with low power and low predictability are manageable. Stakeholders with low power and high predictability will seldom cause any problems. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PROCESS. Project success criteria should be carefully evaluated in terms of time, cost and performance which might be influenced by or affect or concern the stakeholders directly. For effective execution of the project, resources should be available on time. These resources many a times would be at the discretion of the stakeholders. So after carefully analyzing stakeholder groups and interest levels along with predictability, stakeholder analysis with respect to stakeholders attitude should be carried out. (Turner, 2003, pp. 103-107) Stakeholder attitude can be accessed by the current level of support for the project by key stakeholders. With progress of the project, the stakeholders attitude towards the project can change which needs to be carefully monitored by the project manager. The different attitudes of the stakeholders can be summarized as follows: Changing the negative stakeholders attitude will require efforts by the project team. Key stakeholders should be the main focus of the team as they can affect the success of the project. When the stakeholders current commitment towards the project match their required commitment level then they must not be ignored, as ignoring them might change their attitude towards the project which is not desirable for the progress of the project. (Turner, 2003, pp. 109-110) STAKE HOLDER OBJECTIVES The main objective of the stakeholders would be to get high quality of health care operational within precincts of time, budget and quality. Future developments should be sustainable. CLIENT OBJECTIVES To select the best procurement route to achieve better value for money and to ensure the requirements of the stakeholders are met. To ensure the new facilities are in accordance with NHS design panel. To ensure that the project is completed within the time frame of 48 months given to them from the government. PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities for a discrete life cycle-By International Commission on Building (CIB W92) during its 1997 meeting. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 26-27) It can also be defined as the process that involves design, specification and acquisition of goods and services. (Carter Kirby, 2006) Procurement not only should encompass the method in design and construction of the project but also the cultural, economic, managerial, political and environmental issues raised by their implementation (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999) CLASSIFICATION OF PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement systems can be classified as follows: Separated procurement system Integrated procurement system Management oriented procurement system Discretionary system 1)Separated procurement systems: This type of system also known as the conventional system has the responsibilities for design and construction allotted to separate teams such as design team, quantity surveyors, contractors etc. For proper execution of the project the client has to deal with all the members of the project team and is himself responsible for funding and risks involved. Traditional system of procurement comes under this category. (Masterman, 2006, p. 28) 2)Integrated procurement systems: This type of system deals with responsibilities for the design and construction bestowed usually on the contractor. Hence in theory, the client has to deal with only a single organization. Design and build, novated design and build, package deal, turnkey approach are examples of this type of procurement system. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29). 3)Management-oriented procurement systems: This type of systems has the management aspect of the project carried out by an organization in co-ordination with designers, consultants to execute various activities of the project. The client will have a greater involvement in the project as compared to other procurement systems. Management contracting, construction management and design and manage come under the category of management oriented procurement systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29) 4)Discretionary systems: This system many a times can be argued that in reality this is not a procurement system, instead it can be means of controlling the project. The definition by Construction Industry Board (CIB) W92 states that It is a strategy to satisfy clients development and / or operational needs. The selection of the procurement system depends on the client and he lays down a framework for the overall administration of the project. Partnering and British Property Federation system are examples of this type. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 28-29,131-136) SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE FOR HOSPITAL BUILDING Selection of a procurement route involves many factors to be considered such as Project cost, completion time, quality standards required, size of the project, risks involved, complexity of the project. Based on all the above factors Design and build novated system seems to be a suitable option for the hospital project. The main factors to be considered in this project keeping in mind the requirements of ABC hospital trust are: Project completion time Project management efficiency Project costs Provide relief to the community. Best value for money Project completion time is a major factor to be considered as any delay in this project completion would result in closure of the hospital which would have a major impact on quality of health care in the city. Delay in completion time would also result in delayed commissioning of medical equipments. Design and build Novated system enables design and construction stages to be overlapped in the project enabling speedy completion of the project. Commissioning of medical equipments and making quality healthcare operational within 48 months can be achieved by using this procurement system. Walker (1997) agrees to Smith and Wilkins (1996) that non-traditional procurement systems are more likely to enhance construction performance. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006) As design and construction stages are overlapped it helps in improving communications between the client (ABC hospital trust) and the contractor. Hence overall project management efficiency is improved along with shorter project completion time. Certainty of project costs in this kind of procurement system can be achieved as there is no ambiguity in the clients requirements. Evidence also exists to support the widely held belief that when using this system the initial and final costs are lower than when using other methods of procurement basically as a result of diminished design costs, the integration of design and construction elements and the in-buildability of detailed design. This evidence was given further support by the University of Readings report when it was established that projects procured using this system were a minimum 13 percent cheaper than those using more conventional approaches. (Masterman, 2006, p. 79) Existing hospital can continue to provide some relief to the community till the new hospital building is constructed. Best value for money can be achieved by assessing on the whole life cost of the hospital rather than the initial capital costs. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006). Whole life costs will not only include construction costs but also operational and maintenance cost over the life cycle of the project. WHY NEW BUILD PROJECT Benefits of choosing a new build project with design and build- novated type of procurement (New build) as compared to refurbishment are as follows: Refurbishment Existing Hospital. Design Build Novated Approach Requirements of the client 1) Uncertainty of Project costs as refurbishment can bring out many unknown costs involved in it. Certainty of Project costs. Project costs should be certain and should not exceed the estimated costs. 2) Uncertainty in completion time required for the project as the hospital would be in operation during refurbishment. Project completion time is certain. High speed of completion as it overlaps design and construction phase. Construction is 12% faster as compared to conventional systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 78) Project should meet the 48 month deadline and should be fully operational. 3) Being an old building, it will be difficult to incorporate energy efficient methods or new technology leading to higher operational costs. New buildings can accommodate for energy efficiency which would lower the operational costs of the building. Low operational cost of the building. 4) Though the report show that refurbishment costs are lower as compared to new building, uncertainty in time and costs will lead to choosing new build. Construction costs are higher but certain. Low construction costs. 5) Whole life cycle costs would be more because of high operational costs throughout the life time of the project. Whole life cycle costs will be less and good value for money can be achieved. Best value for money. 6) Less energy efficient building. High costs would be involved to employ energy efficient methods Sustainability can be achieved with lower costs of accommodating energy efficient methods. Sustainable Construction. 7) Difficult to accommodate changes in design of building. Can be built as per the latest design required to incorporate changes in technology. Flexibility in design to accommodate changes in technology. 8) Existing health care facilities would be partially available to the public as refurbishing activities would be going on simultaneously. Existing health care facilities will be available to the public in the old hospital. Maintaining the existing healthcare facilities and upgrading them for future. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management can be defined as the network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer. (Vrijhoef Koskela, 2000) Supply chain management involves selection from different sellers and buyers inorder to get greater benefit from them rather than just focusing on an individual. Well managed supply chains often save upto 20% of the total supply chain costs whereas a poorly managed supply chain can ruin the economy of the company. (Gattorna, 2003). Present advances made by commercial companies in understanding the ways in which the supply chain works leads to significantly enhanced expectations for people who are responsible for procuring, commissioning and managing the construction activities. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 41-42). EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON SUPPLY CHAIN The most problematic area in the procurement process lies in the different stages of the construction supply chain between the interfaces of organizations. (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999, p. 58) In design and build Novated approach, the contractor is responsible for design and construction of the project. Being the sole person or agency it reduces the interfaces between organizations leading to efficient supply chain management. Also, the contractor might be having business relations with suppliers which would enable faster and effective communication between them regarding the requirements of the project. EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON QUALITY The designers have a task to integrate all the requirements in the project like fit for purpose, sustainable considerations, durability, strength, the aesthetics of the building, construction methods, selection of materials etc. This system has the same design team throughout the progress of the project providing better co ordination and clear objective for achieving high quality sustainability in the project. RISK MONITORING Construction projects require decisions to be made. Risk management is the technique used for decision making process. It is critical to have sufficient knowledge regarding the impact of the decision. Delay in making decision for gathering more information would result in delays in the project which would be highly detrimental and decisions made without sufficient information could have huge impact on the project. Hence, Risk identification and analysis form the basic steps to be performed in any project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, 2006) Risk identification should be done for the entire project life cycle rather than only construction phase. Selection of suitable procurement route will ensure that risks are dealt in the best possible way. Risks not identified at the inception stage would require negotiations with the contractor which may or may not be successful. If successful then it would involve increased financial implications on the part of the client leading to cost over-runs. Risk identification can be done by three different methodologies: Brainstorming sessions. Analysis of historical data. Use of Industrial checklists. Assumption analysis. Delphi technique. The primary motive of risk identification is the recognition of potential sources of risk rather than perfect predictions of the future. Be any kind of procurement, risks are bound to be involved. We can just minimize the risks involved by selecting procurement system based on the requirements of the client and objectives of the project. Cheung (1997) suggests that risks should be allocated using the following priorities : person or organization best able to control risk effectively, who can absorb it financially, who has most information to control it, who benefits most from scheming it or for whom risk is normal in it business role. This can be used to allocate risk properly to the right agency which will benefit project progress. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 18-19) EFFECT OF SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE ON RISK ALLOCATION. In design and build novated approach, it is the responsibility of the contractor to deal with design, construct and commissioning. Sometimes, operation and maintenance are also included in contractors scope of work for ensuring that it is upto the clients specification. All the risks associated are borne by the contractor rather than the client. The inference is that the clients involvement in the project would be minimal. This approach increases the risks for the contractor when compared to conventional approach. Once the specifications are finalized it is difficult for client to alter them. Altering the specifications would result in increased premiums. So it is essential to prepare the specifications carefully to avoid cost associated risks involved in the project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, Risk allocation in Contracting Cycle, 2006). BEST VALUE FOR MONEY ABC hospital trust can achieve best value for money by choosing the new build project as it would lead to reduced whole life cycle cost, lower operational and maintenance cost. Being a new building, it would be easy to accommodate for energy efficient new technologies. It would lead to sustainable construction practices which wont be possible or will be difficult to implement in refurbishing the hospital building. Design and build-novated procurement system gives high speed of construction(early completion of the project) along with certainty of cost making it the ideal procurement system for this project with respect to value for time and money. BENCHMARKING PERFORMANCE Performance can be measured during construction by: Milestone Completion: Experienced Project Managers know that it is important to check the planned and actual completion dates of project milestones and physical evidence that the work is actually completed. (Schwalbe, 2006) Performance Review meetings Periodic project performance review meetings with the management help in tracking the project and control project schedules. A tracking Gantt chart that compares planned and actual project schedule information can be used for reporting the information to the stakeholders of the project. (Schwalbe, 2006) Worker morale The morale of workers and their work behavior will give a clear indication of the schedule performance. For example: If the project team members are working for extra hours every day then it will be a clear indication that the schedules are not realistic and the project manager would have to add more resources or reschedule it. Performance can be measured after construction by UK Best Practice Program (BPP) by evaluating the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Client Satisfaction Product, Client Satisfaction-Service, Defects, Predictability-Cost, Predictability-Time, Profitability, Productivity, Construction Cost and Construction Time. (Kagioglou, Cooper, Aouad, 2001) Performance of the hospital project can also be measured in terms of productivity. Productivity of this project can be defined as the ratio of the output of a production process to that of the input production process. In relation to the construction industry it can be calculated by ratio of work units completed during a period to its associated costs in terms of man hours or dollars. According to Thomas Kramer work hours, quantities and productivity are evaluated with baseline values used in project estimates. Effectiveness of the current performance can be measured by comparing current performance to the historical data or planned productivity. (Cox, Issa, Ahrens, 2003) RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION The recommendation for ABC hospital trust is to construct a new hospital building using design and build Novated procurement system. This approach would reduce project completion time and increase cost effectiveness for the project. Quality at site, sustainability in construction activities can also be achieved with great success. Selection of this kind of approach would deliver good value for money for public sector procurement. This report also recommends periodical assessment of risk and stakeholders simultaneously with the progress of the project for avoiding conflicts. With careful monitoring of interests of the stakeholders in the project and appropriate risk management, the hospital project can be completed in an effective manner. Finally the end result to be achieved by this project would be win-win solution for all.