Landing Gear Types Engineering Essay

Landing Gear Types Engineering Essay When you ask people what the main function is of a landing gear they mostly say it is meant to land the aircraft, yet thats exactly what the words stands for. This is slightly correct, one of the three main functions is energy absorption (at landing). (1.1.1a). But when the aircraft has touched the ground it has to stop, so here is an other main function of the landing gear; braking (1.1.1b). The last step and also the last main function is for taxi control, in other words: to manoeuvre the aircraft on ground (1.1.1c). When an aircraft has reached its destination, it has to descend and land on a runway from an airport. To do this it is using the landing gear of the aircraft. When the aircraft hits the ground the landing gear is the interface of aircraft to ground. Depending on various factors like: weather conditions, aircraft load, aircraft configuration and aircraft balance the landing gear must absorb the impact energy and must transmit this gently to the aircraft structure. But not only at landing, when an aircraft is on ground while manoeuvring the landing gear has to bear the total weight of an aircraft and absorb the energy while braking, taxiing, take off roll, landing roll, steering and towing. With only a strut and wheels there is no chance of surviving an impact with a large aircraft. Therefore the landing gear is provided with shock absorbers. The shock absorber may be an independent element, or integrated with the landing gear strut or in side braces. The wheels of a landing gear are a lso used for shock absorption. Aircraft tires are much more stronger as tires for automobiles. Landing gear tyres are designed to resist high take-off and landing speeds and large shock loads upon landings. 1.1.1b Braking Another challenge of a landing gear is to stop the aircraft while rolling over the runway. The landing gear can use the tires to achieve this challenge. But the tires cannot stop by itself, they need brakes to slow down. Almost all commercial aircrafts only have brakes at the main landing gear to slow down the aircraft and use at each main gear wheel multiple disc hydraulic powered brakes. Those brakes are controlled in flight deck. Pilots can choose three inputs for braking; manual brake, auto brake system and parking brake. The manual brakes are controlled by brake pedals mostly located at the top of the rudder pedals. The auto brake system provides automatic braking during take-offs and landings so the pilot can perform other tasks. The auto brake system can be set in different modes to apply correct braking configurations. To maintain position for a longer period on ground a parking brake can be used so the airplane does not need wheel chocks. 1.1.1c Taxi control The last function of a landing gear is taxi control. To manoeuvre the aircraft on ground at low speeds the landing gear is equipped with steering facilities so the aircraft can move by itself and do not need to get moved by a tug. At modern commercial aircraft the nose landing gear is equipped with a hydro-mechanical system to move the nose gear. Steering is done by the pilot either from a tiller in the cockpit or the rudder pedals. Some aircrafts with more than two main gear units (bogies) need also to control these extra units to manoeuvre the aircraft safely. Landing gear types Not every aircraft has the same landing gear configuration. To understand why modern commercial aircrafts use a tricycle gear configuration (nose wheel equipped aircraft) there first will be looked to other kinds of configurations (1.1.2a) to understand the benefits. Not only the benefits will be explained but also the construction of the tricycle gear configuration (1.1.2b). 1.1.2a Landing gear configurations For aircraft engineers, the landing gear is not their favourite part of an aircraft because it is not needed in flight but still it does influence the flight performance. Since the first aircraft engineers have tried all kind of configurations to fit best under a typical aircraft. Each configuration has its own advantages and disadvantages, to find out there will be take a look at several configurations available to engineers. Taildragger gear Bicycle gear Single main gear Quadricycle gear Ad 1 Taildragger gear The taildragger gear also called a conventional landing gear (Figure†¦) consists of two main gear units (1) and a small wheel or skid to support the tail (tail unit) (2). This kind of configuration ruled the aircraft design from about 1910 till 1950. Nowadays this configuration is widely used on small propeller-driven aircrafts, because its simplicity. Is not only used for its simplicity, it has also some benefits. 2 1 Main gear units Tail unit Figure: Taildragger gear as seen on a Spitfire The two main gear units can easily be adapted to produce low drag in flight and because the tail wheel is small there is less weight. When you look at the taildragger configuration (Figure†¦) you will notice the nose of the aircraft is already titled, so the wings already have an larger angle of attack. This means when the aircraft rolls down the runway the wings generate more lift so the aircraft needs less length of runway. Besides the propeller of a propeller-driven aircraft has a higher level above the ground, what could save the propeller from damages. But this configuration does also have some cons. The handling characteristics are not that good. This is because the centre of gravity is located behind the main gear units. Which could results in a ground loop. A ground loop is basically an uncontrolled turn while on ground. With the centre of gravity behind the main gear units, any turn will naturally increase in rate because of momentum. When landing and using the brakes too many at rollout, this could result in a capsizing aircraft. These examples could easier occur when one main gear unit touches down first or with heavy crosswind. To prevent, pilots must line up a approach very carefully to keep the plane on a straight path until it comes to a stop, this can be done with constantly rudder adjustments. Some aircrafts have an locked tail unit to keep rolling in a straight line during landing. Ad 2 Bicycle gear The bicycle gear consist of two main gear units along the centre line of the aircraft and very often sideways two small outrigger gears mounted on the wing (Figure†¦). This kind of configuration is not very common but is a solution for aircraft with very long and slim fuselages or high wing aircraft. This configuration is actually very limited to aircraft with wings that generate high lift at a low angle of attack, as rotation with this configuration is impossible. 2 2 1 Main gear units Outrigger gear Figure†¦: Bicycle gear as seen on Boeing B-47 Only one of the benefits is lower weight and drag than the taildragger or tricycle configuration. For the pilot this configuration is challenging, because he or she has to maintain a very level attitude during take-off and landing while carefully managing airspeed. The pilot has to land the aircraft without any rolling motion because that could cause the aircraft to land on one of the outrigger gear. Ad 3 Single main gear The single main gear (Figure†¦) consist of one main gear unit (1) and a much smaller auxiliary tailwheel (2) along the centreline. For stability an outrigger gear (3) is mounted along the wing. This configuration is very similar to the bicycle gear and is practical for use on light planes like gliders. The single main gear is just like the bicycle gear lightweight and provides low drag. 2 1 3 Main gear unit Auxiliary tailwheel Outrigger gear Figure†¦: Single main gear as seen on a Lockheed U-2 Ad 4 Quadricycle gear The quadricycle gear (Figure†¦) consist of four main gear units (1) roughly mounted along the fuselage. This configuration is also similar to the bicycle gear and is being used sometimes on cargo aircraft. For cargo aircraft it could be ideal because the aircraft floor can get at a very low level above the ground what is easy for loading or unloading cargo. Just like the bicycle configuration the pilot must maintain a very level attitude during take-off and landing. A quadricycle gear is also very sensitive for roll, crosswinds, and proper line up of a approach. The Boeing B-52 has an extra crosswind gear (2) installed to make crosswind landings. A major disadvantage also is four main gear units that contain a much higher weight and drag. 2 1 Main gear units Crosswind gear Figure†¦: Quadricycle gear as seen on a Boeing B-52 1.1.2b Tricycle Gear The tricycle gear generally consist of two main gear units and one nose gear unit. Nowadays this kind of configuration is mostly used in aviation especially for commercial aircraft. The tricycle configuration has one wheel in the front and two or more main wheels located near the centre of gravity. The main reason why it is mostly used is the ease of operating the tricycle gear aircraft on ground. This is not the only advantage the tricycle gear has a series of advantages: stability in braking steady touch down with no risk of aerodynamic bounce (like taildragger gear) high pilot visibility during taxiing (because of level aircraft) horizontal floor (passengers comfort and easy cargo loading) low drag during take-off acceleration The tricycle gear does have more configurations (Figure). The most common (and most simple) has a double main landing gear unit and single nose gear unit (1). For most aircraft this is good enough to bear the aircraft load. For airliners beyond 300.000 kg of maximum take-off mass there is need for an extra landing gear unit located under the fuselage (2), or even two main landing gear units located under the wing (3). This is needed to make the surface pressure on all landing gears acceptable. 3 2 1 Figure†¦: Tricycle gear configurations Those extra landing gear units are called bogies. When an aircraft has extra landing gear units it is called a multi-bogie gear configuration. The heavier the aircraft becomes, the more wheels are added to the bogie to spread the surface pressure on the runway pavement. The nose wheel could also get an extra wheel or even an extra nose gear unit. Unfortunately the tricycle gear configuration has a greater weight and drag because of the large nose wheel gear unit. Aircrafts with a tricycle configuration almost always require retraction mechanisms to reduce drag. Another challenge at tricycle gear configurations is designing a properly balance load by the main gear versus the nose wheel. When you will put too little load on the main wheels, braking effectiveness will reduce. When putting too little load on the nose wheel the aircraft is losing its steering effectiveness. Loading the aircraft must be carefully done to balance the aircraft to prevent the aircraft from fall over on its tail.

Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks

Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks A management report from Business Insights The battle for ‘share of throat’ Positioning of new soft drinks launches aimed at children 29% 36% In spite of growing competition in the soft drinks market, many companies, ranging from multinationals to niche specialists, continue to see volume growth well in excess of the market average. Much of their success can be attributed to progressive attitudes to their competitive environment and by exploiting new production, packaging and distribution technologies, they are able to meet consumers' needs more accurately and immediately than ever before. With leading players such as The Coca-Cola Company driving the battle Child as purchaser Parent as purchaser Planned purchase Impulse purchase for share of throat, soft drinks manufacturers of all sizes need to equip themselves with a wide variety of innovative strategic tools if they are to 4% 32% remain competitive. Business Insights’ report, the Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks highlights emerging opportunities in the industry, and examines the ways that companies can best exploit them. From the emerging markets of Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe and South America, to fast-growth niches in the developed world, this latest study is the definitive guide to innovation, main players, market sizes and growth prospects. â€Å"New manufacturing and marketing techniques are blurring traditional borders between soft drinks categories. With competition becoming increasingly fierce and share of throat thinking coming to the fore, targeting specific consumer needs and consumption occasions is going to become more and more important. The implications for the soft drinks industry could be considerable, particularly for smaller players. Marketing Director European soft drinks manufacturer Structure and scope Share of throat and market drivers: an in-depth investigation of product positioning, distribution, marketing and NPD strategies that are being employed in the pursuit of share of throat. New Age beverages Energy and sports drinks HIGH GROWTH Category growth versus rate of innov ation in the global soft drinks market Key market data: the report contains a data table for each category, listing the 10 fastest-growing country categories around the world. This Dairy drinks s supplemented in the final chapter with market data by category for 7 of the most important country markets in global soft drinks. Bottled water Carbonates Juices LOW GROWTH CONSOLIDATED Squashes & cordials Powdered soft drinks FRAGMENTED Innovation and technology: analysis of over 350 new product launches in the global market, examining their marketing mix and specific consumer appeal, indicating the direction in which soft drinks NPD is likely to develop over the next five years. â€Å"With high volume growth rates and a low level of consolidation, New Age beverages is arguably the most attractive soft drinks category for new ntrants. † Future outlook and survey: a wide-ranging survey of industry executives in Western Europe and North America, focusing on issues of consumer targetin g, fast-growth distribution channels and packaging formats and assessing their projected impact on the future development of the industry. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights Shifting industry dynamics Key bases of the success of energy and sports drinks in the global soft drinks market Performance enhancement Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks provides invaluable insight into the dynamics of the global soft drinks market. It looks at the increase in inter-category competition and the battle for share of throat, as well as trends in new product development and emerging market activity. With a global outlook, it provides you with the information you need to increase profitability, no matter the size of your company. Isotonic drink Sports drinks Lucozade Sport †¢ What are the main ‘share of throat' strategies being used by the leading multinationals? Energy drinks Tonic & functional dairy drinks Yakult Health needs Red Bull Recreation Lipovitan How do these strategies impact on smaller companies? †¢ What are the current and future trends in soft drinks new product development? †¢ Where do the key opportunities lie: in healthy or in indulgent â€Å"Much of the success of energy and sports drinks can be attributed to the ability of a relatively small number of brands to satisfy a relatively large number of specific consumer demands. † positionings? †¢ How large is the child ren's market for soft drinks? What is the potential of the elderly market? Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights What are the fastest-growing niche soft drinks markets in the developed world? †¢ Where are the key growth opportunities in emerging markets? Key benefits Forecast development in soft drinks innovation in North America 100% Line extensions based on existing technologies With the competitive environment in the global soft drinks industry becoming increasingly intense, no company can afford to ignore emerging growth potential. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks enables you to identify a wide range of opportunities in a variety of countries, categories, channels and formats. Composition of NPD (% new products) 80% 60% Line extensions based on new technologies †¢ Understand how the leading players are shaping the competitive environment and how their activities impact on your business. 40% 20% †¢ Learn how NPD trends are evolving and the channels, packaging Completely new products formats and positionings that are likely to be most successful over 0% 1998 2003 the next five years. †¢ Identify fast-growth areas for your products from 46 country markets in 5 continents. North American manufacturers will focus on using new technologies to add extensions to existing lines rather than create new brands. † †¢ Quantify emerging categories, such as energy and sports drinks and New Age beverages and their potential impact in the vital North American and Western European soft drinks markets. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights †¢ Use the findings of the Business Insights survey to understand how the industry predicts th e soft drinks market will develop over the coming five years. Who can benefit from the report? Forecast development in specific consumer group targeting in soft drinks innovation in Europe Not important now but important in 5 years Important now and important in 5 years Children Young adults Families Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks has been designed to provide soft drinks manufacturers and distributors of all sizes with the information they need to thrive in a hostile competitive environment. Company type Soft Drinks Multinationals Strategic Planners Marketing Managers Product Managers v v v v v v v v v v Soft Drinks Niche Specialists v v v v v v v v v v v v Retailers, Wholesalers and Distributors v v v v v v In 5 years Pensioners Not important now and not important in 5 years Now Important now but not important in 5 years Job title Market Research Managers Managing Directors Distribution Managers NPD Managers Export Managers Brand Managers Sales Managers â€Å"In Europe, creating single-serve products aimed at members of specific age groups is likely to become a key marketing issue in the next five years, whereas multi-serves aimed at families will decline in importance. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights Research methodology Business Insights is a series of management reports designed to help you make informed, timely business decisions. Written and compiled by independent experts, the reports evaluate interviews with key industry executives and quantify the issues that will be of 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 Bottled Water Carbonates Squashes & cordials 997-98 New age beverages Juices Energy & sports drinks Year-on-year category growth dif ferential over soft drinks market average (% volume) % category growth differential over market average greatest strategic sig- nificance in the industry's future. †¢ We conducted a qualitative industry opinion survey of over 500 executives in soft drinks companies across the globe to ascertain their current and future strategies and obtain their opinions and projections on the future of the market. The report provides inter-category and international comparison of growth rates and degrees of consolidation to identify key market entry opportunities. â€Å"Of the traditional categories, only bottled water is outperforming the soft drinks market average growth, having benefited both from the boom in flavoured water sales and the evolution of new bulk and impulse packaging formats. † †¢ It provides analysis of over 350 soft drinks launches on the basis of their competitive positioning and consumer appeal indicating underlying current trends and forecasting future devel opments. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights †¢ The report evaluates the markets for bottled water, carbonates, dairy drinks, energy and sports drinks, juices, New Age beverages, powered soft drinks and squashes and cordials. Table of Contents (abridged) CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Share of throat Innovations in soft drinks Emerging markets Company profiles – global giants and niche players Survey results and forecasts Market dynamics CHAPTER 2 SHARE OF THROAT Introduction The causes of the expansion of the competitive space The impact of the decrease in volume growth How to gain from the share of throat concept Retail strategies Gaining increased shelf-space Installing more and better equipment in the marketplace Expanding availability into new outlets and channels Consumer strategies Expand consumer base and create a larger body of repeat purchasers Encouraging existing customers to increase their levels of consumption Conclusions CHAPTER 3 INNOVATIONS IN SOFT DRINKS Introduction Product Launch Opportunities The relationship between rate of innovation and growth The relationship between consolidation, innovation and growth Trends in NPD in Soft Drinks Introduction Innovation by category and by geography Innovation by category and by occasion Innovation by category and by target demographic group Innovation by category and by ingredients Conclusions CHAPTER 4 EMERGING MARKETS Introduction Fast Growth Opportunities in the Developing World Indonesia Philippines China New Zealand Hungary Brazil Pakistan CHAPTER 6 SURVEY RESULTS AND FORECASTS Introduction The relationship between product upgrading and true innovation The future of product positioning The future of targeting specific consumer groups The future of soft drinks packaging Summary of key findings CHAPTER 7 MARKET DYNAMICS Introduction Global Soft Drinks Market Data Overview Soft Drinks Market Data Overview: France Germany Italy Japan Spain UK US Portugal Vietnam Poland Emerging Opportunities in the Developed World New Age beverages Energy and sports drinks Bottled water Emerging markets data appendix CHAPTER 5 COMPANY STRATEGIES – GLOBAL GIANTS AND NICHE PLAYERS Introduction The Coca-Cola Company: Coca-Cola Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Procter & Gamble: Sunny Delight Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Red Bull GmbH: Red Bull Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Yakult Honsha: Yakult Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Conclusions About Business Insights Business Insights appreciate the importance of accurate, up-to-date incisive market and company analysis and our aim therefore is to provide a single, off-the-shelf, objective source of data, analysis and market insight. 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What Everyone Is Saying About Great College Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why

What Everyone Is Saying About Great College Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why You may also find a great deal of successful sample essays online. It's possible for you to find handwriting samples from celebrities, entire books at no cost, how-to guides and a whole lot more. It's always a good idea to be brave. Well-done samples give an education in format. Each individual has a considerable part. There are scores and scores of samples in the web, and you'll be able to find the college admission essay sample fitting your unique needs in an instant in Google. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will not have the ability to submit their sample essay for MBA application punctually. One of the most difficult features of college life is finances. In many instances, the essay can make or break your opportunity to enter your dream school or maybe to win a lucrative scholarship. When y ou start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person which you are. Developing an excellent college essay may lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. Possessing a crystal clear and structured plan is the foundation for any excellent bit of writing, and a college essay is the same. Being in college might be a little struggle for some. With the most suitable organization, you could do away with a whole lot of anxiety. Being organized ensures the planning of the absolute most vital facets of college life and reduces tension and confusion. The Advantages of Great College Essay Samples When writing a scholarship application, it's critical to accentuate how you are able to add to the college you're aiming for. If you would like to create a college essay which works, you will need to provide importance on the content which you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. Your application essay is able to help you stick out from the remainder of the candidates and get noticed by the admission board. College admissions essays aren't rocket science, but there are a range of steps that students may take to ga ther the most accurate and compelling essays which will help their likelihood of gaining admission to their top-choice colleges. You have to demonstrate the admission committee what makes you stick out from the other applicants. Nearly all college authorities ask you to compose an application essay before getting an admission. It is crucial to capture the interest of the admission tutors irrespective of how strict they may appear to be. Choosing where to go to college is an amazingly important choice. Great College Essay Samples - Overview To determine what should be finished, you ought to take a look at a fantastic deal of other essay examples. Your response shouldn't be a book report. Because the essay is a little too dry at this time, some additional voice would really provide the essay a boost. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Irrespective of how you'll wind up submitting your essay, you should draft it into a word processor. You could use an elongated analogy, where each paragraph is a region of the analogy. As soon as yo u discover that topic, it's about writing and rewriting. A fantastic essay will be able to help you get accepted to your dream school. Or you're able to view 18 essays all on a single page. A mediocre essay can donate to rejection. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might need to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so that you can have more idea on what things to put in the college essay which you will create. Apart from having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to produce the ideal college essay. Your college essay should contain information that relate to the instruction provided to you. To provide you with a remedy about how to compose an impressive college essay, here are some ideas you may wish to consider. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. A poorly executed essay can lead to a stellar student to receive rejected. The conclusion and recommendation component of the essay would decide on just what the essay is actually all about. The way you start your application essay is vital to how well it's going to be received. A quick sentence is utilized to make the emotional resolution of the admission essay.

Racial Discrimination Against Aboriginal Australians From...

â€Å"Just another drunk black is what u said, When u came n helped him today, Your eyes were filled with a look of disgust, As you came and took him away. Who the hell are you to judge him, I ask, Do you think ur s*** really don t stink? Just because he has dark skin, Doesn t mean he always drinks. Guess what hero, he wasn t drunk, He had a fit and was really unwell, U can take ur prejudice Ambo driver, And stick it up ur butt and go to hell. People like you make me sick, And you have the hide to hold ur head up high, It s nice to know with people like u around, Prejudice will never die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This famous poem by Indigenous Australian Colleen Kickner (George, 2015) highlights the extreme racial discrimination against Aboriginal Australians from the point of view of an Indigenous individual, specifically in regards to the consumption of alcohol. The somewhat vulgar language as well as being slightly comical in a way, paints a very good picture of how strongly Kickner feels towards the prejudice shown and assumptions made by the (presumably) non-Indigenous first responders to an emergency situation. These assumptions and stereotypes that she draws the readers’ attention to are wide spread throughout the non-Indigenous community of Australia, reiterated by the media and sometimes even strengthened by government policies. One example in particular being the ‘Northern Territory Intervention’. 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