The Robotics And Artificial Intelligence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Can Artificial Intelligences Suffer From Mental Illness? Answer: The robotics and artificial intelligence offers the prospects of sentience, capacity of consciousness and rationality to the agents. If there is chance of these agents to have mind then there is also a potential chance for the mind to be malfunctioned, or in other word the robots and the Artificial Intelligence to suffer from mental illness. The presence of the AI psychopathology can be recognized by the philosophical aspect of the mental illness. This explains the insights of the mental disorder of any robot or human along with offering a stage to examine the psychiatric disease of biological or artificial intelligence (Ashrafian, DarziAthanasiou, 2015). The tendency of the artificial intelligence suffering for mental illness makes it vital to consider that the AI may have achieved some mental capabilities of consciousness and rationality, in the case of them being subsequently dysfunctional at times. For this kind of conditions in AI it is preferable to reciprocate some deep insigh ts into mental health and mechanism that helps to prevent these mental malfunctions. The idea of computerized reasoning has prompted the dialog of whether robots have organization. The ensuing inquiries of whether manmade brains (AIs) will show awareness, consciousness and insightfulness have all stayed questionable. In the theoretical case exhibited over, the robots could be considered to experience the ill effects of mental maladies when considered through a human demonstrative focal point, notwithstanding (i) would they be able to likewise be considered as robot dysfunctional behaviors (or would they say they are essentially a human overlay from a basic imitating impact)? (ii) Would these robots experience the ill effects of these ailments similarly as people? (iii) Considering that the AIs would not have been composed, constructed or modified to experience the ill effects of any intellectual brokenness, would such a discovering give knowledge into the theory of psychological sickness? From a functional point, the advancement of innovations that show conscious personalities as manmade brains keeps on making various forward steps (Horvitz Mulligan, 2015). It is vital to stay away from any roundabout errors, for example, cognizance prompts mental sickness and automated mental brokenness in this way prompts awareness, rather cognizance might be an express that unidirectional can bring about a subgroup of its people experiencing mental brokenness; and such brokenness can't exist without a conscious operator. In the event that we can recognize conscious AI's, at that point we therefore need to recognize any potential dysfunctional behaviors that they create (Yampolskiy, 2014).The robotics and artificial intelligence offers the prospects of sentience, capacity of consciousness and rationality to the agents. If there is chance of these agents to have mind then there is also a potential chance for the mind to be malfunctioned, or in other word the robots and the Artificial Intelligence to suffer from mental illness. The presence of the AI psychopathology can be recognized by the philosophical aspect of the mental illness. In the case depicted, the robots did not show any material changes in their physical structure or preparing examination with the goal that when considered by wary Szaszian hypothesis (Critchley2015). They can't formally be considered to experience the ill effects of dysfunctional behavior. This is on account of there was no material or basic proof for their mental brokenness with the goal that they can't experience the ill effects of a hidden sickness or pathology, rather this is apparently their decision of behavior alignment. Four ethical theories include Deontology, Utilitarianism, Rights, And Virtues: The Deontological class of moral speculations expresses those individuals should cling to their commitments and obligations when occupied with basic leadership when morals are in play. Clients generally rent AI that could help in solving the problems.. Contingent upon such sites is hazardous for the general population as it forgoes the general population developing emphatically and attempting to end up plainly effective through wrong means like lease a programmer site. In this manner, it requests for taking right activities and endeavor to take care of the issues to the Artificial intelligence and never enable any outsider to affect others' information since it is unlawful and exploitative as per deontology hypothesis. Utilitarian ethical theories are based on ones ability to predict the consequences of an action. Executing these speculations in the situation, there is have to keep the emphasis on the outcomes so as indicated by the article, every one of the customers of lease a programmer site would confront troublesome time when their names were unveiled by this site. Consequently, there is no reality that could be utilized for considering the activity performed by lease a programmer site right yet its customers additionally played out a similar thing since clearly if AI misbehaves with another person's record for its customer then it could hurt its customer's need too on the request of other customer accordingly. In this way, organization is totally in benefit however it ought to have comprehended by its customer before reaching it for performing unauthorized task because of the mental illness. In moral speculations in view of Rights, the rights set up by a general public are secured and given the most elevated need. Rights are thought to be morally right and substantial since a expansive supports them. Implementing this theory in the given scenario, there is need to perform important actions against rent an artificial intelligence so that it could not encourage to pay it for performing tasks that does not hurt any customer or employee ethically or physically, details on small issues which is not good thing and will create lots of problems in the society. The Virtue Ethical theory judges a person by someones character rather than by an action that may deviate from his/her normal behavior. Making use of a mentally ill robot or AI is against the moral and values of ethics. Employing a programmer of AI does unlawful thing along these lines, there is requirement to get taught about it that they are getting to be casualties of such sites by enabling them to destroy the information of their adversaries and life partners since lease a programmer could likewise hacking the pivotal information of its customers additionally in the event that it showed the individual subtle elements of its customer publically. Artificial intelligence or robots develops symptoms of mental illness that can be identifies by three factors: 1) does the robots have been accidently programmed to have such mental disorientation; if so then how this could be reversed by correcting the programs?, 2) If there is a presence of consciousness and free will in the robots, is it relatable for them to suffer from mental illness de-novo which is against their original coding?, 3) If the robot suffer from this illness, is it preferable to say that this could represent the initial transition to some consciousness to human like stage? Ethical theories are utilized for survey the situation from alternate point of view so critical activities against the guilty parties can be taken. Subsequently, every one of the hypotheses has diverse strategies of considering an activity decent or terrible and requires appropriate comprehension to check whether an activity is moral or not before performing it. The future has qualified for similar rights and bolster that humankind directs for those with psychological adjustment, so AI's that exhibit dysfunctional behavior ought to be manageable to the suitable treatments that others conscious society can offer them. In spite of the facts, the very conclusion of psychological sickness in that, an AI might be the course of recognizing the presence of conscious AIs (at any rate in the subgroup experiencing mental illness); its reality may likewise offer bits of knowledge into AI mind, that is working in a comparable way that humanmental infection can offer a bits of knowledge into the human cerebrum with the end goal. This AI dysfunctional behavior might have the capacity to offer chose bits of knowledge into some mind of AIs. Hence, by concluding the whole solution it is presentable that even Artificial Intelligence and Robots suffer from mental illness. References Ashrafian, H., Darzi, A., Athanasiou, T. (2015). A novel modification of the Turing test for artificial intelligence and robotics in healthcare. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 11(1), 38-43. Calvo, R. A., Dinakar, K., Picard, R., Maes, P. (2016, May). Computing in mental health. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3438-3445). ACM. Constantinou, A. C., Fenton, N., Marsh, W., Radlinski, L. (2016). From complex questionnaire and interviewing data to intelligent Bayesian network models for medical decision support. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 67, 75-93. Copeland, J. (2015). Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley Sons. Critchley, H. (2015). The Predictive Brain: Consciousness, Decision and Embodied Action. Gilbert, P. (2016). Human nature and suffering. Routledge. Horvitz, E., Mulligan, D. (2015). Data, privacy, and the greater good. Science, 349(6245), 253-255. Poo, M. M., Du, J. L., Ip, N. Y., Xiong, Z. Q., Xu, B., Tan, T. (2016). China Brain Project: basic neuroscience, brain diseases, and brain-inspired computing. Neuron, 92(3), 591-596. Silverman, B. G., Hanrahan, N., Bharathy, G., Gordon, K., Johnson, D. (2015). A systems approach to healthcare: agent-based modeling, community mental health, and population well-being. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 63(2), 61-71. Yampolskiy, R. V. (2014). Utility function security in artificially intelligent agents. Journal of Experimental Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 26(3), 373-389.

A Graphic Essay Sample Can Help You Write Well

A Graphic Essay Sample Can Help You Write WellThere are a wide variety of free essay samples that can be found online, so you will find that there is one for everyone's needs. Some are professionally written, while others are in the style of a comic book. No matter what your needs, you can find a free essay sample that will work perfectly for you.The first thing to do is decide what style you need help with. If you need help writing an essay about a specific topic, then you might want to look at some sample essays to give you a little inspiration. In this case, you might also want to look at books and magazines to see what styles people write in. You might even try to find some student writing to learn from.If you need more help with style, but you still have some problems, then it may be a good idea to find some printable documents to help you out. Many good books and magazines have sample pieces available for people to download. This way, you can get some practice at being an autho r, and you can see if you really know how to write a good essay. These aren't necessary, but you will find them to be helpful if you need them. Take a look at the reference for some examples of these, and find out where they are available.One other good idea is to find a type of essay that you might have trouble with. You might have problems with something like summaries, footnotes, or anything else that is too specific. For example, if you had problems with an essay about the word 'caterpillar,' you might not have any problems with a statement like 'I wonder what it feels like to live on a Caterpillar?' Or if you wanted to write an essay about dolphins, you may be able to use all the examples in the world.Now, the best part of using a graphic essay sample is that you can simply open it up and start writing. Your first draft should be pretty good, since you can use the samples as a guide to write an essay in your own style. Just make sure that you don't forget to put your signature on your copy so that you can make it a copyrightable article.Another great essay sample is one that you can use to help you get an idea of how a college student would write. It should give you a good idea of how to structure an essay without being so specific. Remember that most college students have trouble with this, because they don't have the formal writing experience of most writers. If you have trouble with this style, just look at a few different sample essays and see if you can use them.If you are going to make use of a sample essay to help you with your work, make sure that you put your name and the copyright on it. It is a good idea to make sure that you are getting your money's worth, so make sure that you protect your material.

Computer Technology is Here to Stay essays

Computer Technology is Here to Stay essays Computers have gone long way from its first invention to todays high speed machine that plays big role in mathematical modeling to the fields of medicine. Further down as the computers reduced in sizes they took on different purposes in communication, digital media (photography and now DVD), shopping and banking online, and control systems in cars. There is hardly anybody around who can say their lives haven't been influenced by computers. Computers have all but taken over society as we know it. Everywhere you look, computers have greatly improved our lives. The Internet is a technique of communication and a resource of information that has become trendier among educated and those who like to just surf the information superhighway. This in turn has created new modes of keeping in-touch and relaying data and video contents at a lower cost. There are also problems being created with this much information being accessible to general public. Some of these problems are related to spread of pornographic, and hate materials over the internet. The governments throughout the world are pushing for censorship. But a portion of the public does not want the government to regulate the Internet. The computer crimes that started in the 70s have become more and more widespread mainly due to the advancement in the computer technology and the unregulated access to the internet. Some computer crimes are committed by outside individuals that hack into a computer system. These are individuals that generally steal protected information and cause data loss by vandalism. The only way to prevent this kind of crime is to have the international community of countries implement a treaty that would regulate the use of internet. The birth of computer goes way back into human technological evolution. The very first computer is thought to be invented in China3. The Chinese adding machine as it is called didnt have any electronic parts3...

Trash Islands - the Ocean Garbage Patch

Trash Islands - the Ocean Garbage Patch As our global population expands, so does the amount of trash we produce, and a large portion of that trash then ends up in the worlds oceans. Due to oceanic currents, much of the trash is carried to areas where the currents meet. These collections of trash have recently been referred to as marine trash islands. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch The Great Pacific Garbage Patchsometimes called the Eastern Garbage Patchis an area with an intense concentration of marine trash located between Hawaii and California. The exact size of the patch is unknown, however, because it is constantly growing. The patch developed in this area because of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre- one of many oceanic gyres caused by a convergence of ocean currents and wind. As the currents meet, the earth’s Coriolis Effect (the deflection of moving objects caused by the Earth’s rotation) causes the water to slowly rotate, creating a funnel for anything in the water. Because this is a subtropical gyre in the northern hemisphere it rotates clockwise. It’s also a high-pressure zone with hot equatorial air and comprises much of the area known as the horse latitudes. Due to the tendency of items to collect in oceanic gyres, the existence of a garbage patch was predicted in 1988 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) after years of monitoring the amount of trash being dumped into the worlds oceans. The patch was not officially discovered until 1997, though, because of its remote location and harsh conditions for navigation. That year, Captain Charles Moore passed through the area after competing in a sailing race and discovered debris floating over the entire area he was crossing. Atlantic and Other Oceanic Trash Islands Though the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the most widely publicized of the so-called trash islands, the Atlantic Ocean has one as well in the Sargasso Sea. The Sargasso Sea is located in the North Atlantic Ocean between 70 and 40 degrees west longitude and 25 and 35 degrees north latitude. It is bounded by the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, the Canary Current, and the North Atlantic Equatorial current. Like the currents carrying trash into the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, these four currents carry a portion of the worlds trash to the middle of the Sargasso Sea where it becomes trapped. In addition to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the Sargasso Sea, there are five other major tropical oceanic gyres in the worldall with conditions similar to those found in these first two. Components of Trash Islands After studying the trash found in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, Moore learned that 90% of the trash found there was plastic. His research groupas well as NOAAhas studied the Sargasso Sea and other patches around the world and their studies in those locations have had the same findings. It is estimated that 80% of the plastic in the ocean comes from land sources while 20% comes from ships at sea. The plastics in the patches consist of items like water bottles, cups, bottle caps, plastic bags, and fish netting. It’s not just  large plastic items that make up the trash islands, however. In his studies, Moore found that the majority of the plastic in the worlds oceans is made up of billions of pounds of raw plastic pellets called nurdles. These pellets are a byproduct of plastics manufacturing. It is significant that most of the trash is plastic because it does not break down easilyespecially in water. When plastic is on land, it is more easily heated and breaks down faster. In the ocean, the plastic is cooled by the water and becomes coated with algae which shield it from sunlight. Because of these factors, the plastic in the world’s oceans will last well into the future. Garbage Islands Impacts on Wildlife The presence of the plastic in these patches is having a significant impact on wildlife in a number of ways. Whales, seabirds, and other animals can easily be snared in the nylon  nets and six-pack rings prevalent in the garbage patches. They are also in danger of choking on things like balloons, straws, and sandwich wrap. Additionally, fish, seabirds, jellyfish, and oceanic filter feeders easily mistake brightly colored plastic pellets for fish eggs and krill. Research has shown that over time, the plastic pellets can concentrate toxins which are passed on to sea animals when they eat them. This could poison them or cause genetic problems. Once the toxins are concentrated in the tissue of one animal, they can magnify across the food chain similar to the pesticide DDT. Finally, the floating trash can also aid in the spread of species to new habitats. Take, for instance, a type of barnacle. It can attach to a floating plastic bottle, grow, and move to an area where it is not naturally found. The arrival of the new barnacle could then possibly cause problems for the areas native species. The Future for the Trash Islands Research conducted by Moore, NOAA, and other agencies show that  trash islands are continuing to grow. Attempts have been made to clean them up but there is simply too much material over too large of an area to make any significant impact. Some of the best ways to aid in the cleanup of these islands are to suppress their growth by enacting stronger recycling and disposal policies, cleaning up the worlds beaches, and reducing the amount of trash going into the worlds oceans.

Leadership in organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership in organisations - Essay Example It is the former who make a major contribution to the society. Leadership skills are required in every field irrespective of the nature. Leadership in organizations has been a topic of interest for many researchers and scholars over the last century. There is immense research that has gone into finding what qualities differentiate the leaders from the rest and why leadership is important to an organiztaion. Organizational leadership is very important for an organization. It is these leaders who account for the majority of the success of the organization. In spite of the research that has gone into organizational leadership, there are various questions unanswered. This report is a research proposal for carrying out further research in the filed of organizational leadership. 1.1 Suitability of Researcher for the Research Leadership has always excited the researcher and understanding leadership has turned into a passion. The researcher has read about the topic intensely and has been ins pired by the various leaders such as Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Winston Churchill, etc. The researcher has been amazed by these leaders ability to command respect from the followers and lead them to a better life. The researcher would like to take this opportunity to officially study his/her passion through this research. The researcher has been following the developments in the filed prior to the idea of conducting an academic research on the topic. 1.2 Research Question The effectiveness and usefulness of a research primarily depends on the depth and accuracy of a research question. Research question addresses the scope of the research. Research question tries to find answers and for new questions about the research subject for further research or investigation (Lester, 1986). In a deductive approach the researcher makes an assumption or theory and then tries to prove his or her theory with the help of the research findings and data. On the other hand, in an inductive approac h the researcher uses practical findings and research results to derive a hypothesis. The research question needs to be apt and to the topic. Research question must not be too elaborative or too restrictive. Too elaborative research question would not be very useful to drive the point and it would be more of an explanation than a question. Too restrictive research question might not cover the scope of the research. The research question must be designed in such a way that it compels for an answer. Research question must not address any insignificant issues and divert from the core of the subject. Hence, the researcher must frame the research question with lot of care in such a way that it focuses on the core issue and compels for an answer. The purpose of this research is to study leadership in organization and throw new light on the topic. The research will be targeted in understanding how leadership makes an impact on the organization. It addresses the popular question of how lead ers and managers are different. Even though there has been a lot of debate over the above question, the researcher intends to bring in a new dimension to the debate. The various styles of leadership will be addressed and studying further. Researcher is of the view that leaders have qualities of entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is definitely a leader who leads his company or organization to success and greater heights. But what researcher

Knowledge Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge Management - Research Paper Example These multinational managers can design their management systems in such a way that they are interlinked and hence whatever information a manager in one part of the globe posts in the system, it can be accessed by other managers in that corporation. This management system should however be coded in order to avoid the information being disclosed to other personnel other than managers without authority from the managers hence maintaining the privacy of the multinational corporation. The organization structures that facilitate knowledge include the worldwide product systems, the matrix structure and also the divisional structure. The global matrix structure however is the most effective because it allows for decentralization of information to the different geographical areas of a multinational organization. This therefore ensures that all the different employees and managers working for the corporation will have access to crucial information about their corporation due to the knowledge management system facilitated by the organizational structure (Claver-Cortes, Pertusa-Ortega and Molina-Azorin, 2012). One of the benefits is the communication effectiveness in all the branches of the multinational company with minimum expenditure. There is also guarantee of inclusiveness and participation by all the employees and managers in the company’s activities and decision making despite the distance and without others being left behind. Effective knowledge management system also ensures synchrony in the company and this fosters achievement of the company’s goals and objectives (Sedera and Gable, 2010). Claver-Cortes, E., Pertusa-Ortega, E. and Molina-Azorin, J. (July, 2012). â€Å"Characteristics of organizational structure relating to hybrid strategy: Implications for performance.† Journal of Business Research, vol. 65 (7), pp.

Landing Gear Types Engineering Essay

Landing Gear Types Engineering Essay When you ask people what the main function is of a landing gear they mostly say it is meant to land the aircraft, yet thats exactly what the words stands for. This is slightly correct, one of the three main functions is energy absorption (at landing). (1.1.1a). But when the aircraft has touched the ground it has to stop, so here is an other main function of the landing gear; braking (1.1.1b). The last step and also the last main function is for taxi control, in other words: to manoeuvre the aircraft on ground (1.1.1c). When an aircraft has reached its destination, it has to descend and land on a runway from an airport. To do this it is using the landing gear of the aircraft. When the aircraft hits the ground the landing gear is the interface of aircraft to ground. Depending on various factors like: weather conditions, aircraft load, aircraft configuration and aircraft balance the landing gear must absorb the impact energy and must transmit this gently to the aircraft structure. But not only at landing, when an aircraft is on ground while manoeuvring the landing gear has to bear the total weight of an aircraft and absorb the energy while braking, taxiing, take off roll, landing roll, steering and towing. With only a strut and wheels there is no chance of surviving an impact with a large aircraft. Therefore the landing gear is provided with shock absorbers. The shock absorber may be an independent element, or integrated with the landing gear strut or in side braces. The wheels of a landing gear are a lso used for shock absorption. Aircraft tires are much more stronger as tires for automobiles. Landing gear tyres are designed to resist high take-off and landing speeds and large shock loads upon landings. 1.1.1b Braking Another challenge of a landing gear is to stop the aircraft while rolling over the runway. The landing gear can use the tires to achieve this challenge. But the tires cannot stop by itself, they need brakes to slow down. Almost all commercial aircrafts only have brakes at the main landing gear to slow down the aircraft and use at each main gear wheel multiple disc hydraulic powered brakes. Those brakes are controlled in flight deck. Pilots can choose three inputs for braking; manual brake, auto brake system and parking brake. The manual brakes are controlled by brake pedals mostly located at the top of the rudder pedals. The auto brake system provides automatic braking during take-offs and landings so the pilot can perform other tasks. The auto brake system can be set in different modes to apply correct braking configurations. To maintain position for a longer period on ground a parking brake can be used so the airplane does not need wheel chocks. 1.1.1c Taxi control The last function of a landing gear is taxi control. To manoeuvre the aircraft on ground at low speeds the landing gear is equipped with steering facilities so the aircraft can move by itself and do not need to get moved by a tug. At modern commercial aircraft the nose landing gear is equipped with a hydro-mechanical system to move the nose gear. Steering is done by the pilot either from a tiller in the cockpit or the rudder pedals. Some aircrafts with more than two main gear units (bogies) need also to control these extra units to manoeuvre the aircraft safely. Landing gear types Not every aircraft has the same landing gear configuration. To understand why modern commercial aircrafts use a tricycle gear configuration (nose wheel equipped aircraft) there first will be looked to other kinds of configurations (1.1.2a) to understand the benefits. Not only the benefits will be explained but also the construction of the tricycle gear configuration (1.1.2b). 1.1.2a Landing gear configurations For aircraft engineers, the landing gear is not their favourite part of an aircraft because it is not needed in flight but still it does influence the flight performance. Since the first aircraft engineers have tried all kind of configurations to fit best under a typical aircraft. Each configuration has its own advantages and disadvantages, to find out there will be take a look at several configurations available to engineers. Taildragger gear Bicycle gear Single main gear Quadricycle gear Ad 1 Taildragger gear The taildragger gear also called a conventional landing gear (Figure†¦) consists of two main gear units (1) and a small wheel or skid to support the tail (tail unit) (2). This kind of configuration ruled the aircraft design from about 1910 till 1950. Nowadays this configuration is widely used on small propeller-driven aircrafts, because its simplicity. Is not only used for its simplicity, it has also some benefits. 2 1 Main gear units Tail unit Figure: Taildragger gear as seen on a Spitfire The two main gear units can easily be adapted to produce low drag in flight and because the tail wheel is small there is less weight. When you look at the taildragger configuration (Figure†¦) you will notice the nose of the aircraft is already titled, so the wings already have an larger angle of attack. This means when the aircraft rolls down the runway the wings generate more lift so the aircraft needs less length of runway. Besides the propeller of a propeller-driven aircraft has a higher level above the ground, what could save the propeller from damages. But this configuration does also have some cons. The handling characteristics are not that good. This is because the centre of gravity is located behind the main gear units. Which could results in a ground loop. A ground loop is basically an uncontrolled turn while on ground. With the centre of gravity behind the main gear units, any turn will naturally increase in rate because of momentum. When landing and using the brakes too many at rollout, this could result in a capsizing aircraft. These examples could easier occur when one main gear unit touches down first or with heavy crosswind. To prevent, pilots must line up a approach very carefully to keep the plane on a straight path until it comes to a stop, this can be done with constantly rudder adjustments. Some aircrafts have an locked tail unit to keep rolling in a straight line during landing. Ad 2 Bicycle gear The bicycle gear consist of two main gear units along the centre line of the aircraft and very often sideways two small outrigger gears mounted on the wing (Figure†¦). This kind of configuration is not very common but is a solution for aircraft with very long and slim fuselages or high wing aircraft. This configuration is actually very limited to aircraft with wings that generate high lift at a low angle of attack, as rotation with this configuration is impossible. 2 2 1 Main gear units Outrigger gear Figure†¦: Bicycle gear as seen on Boeing B-47 Only one of the benefits is lower weight and drag than the taildragger or tricycle configuration. For the pilot this configuration is challenging, because he or she has to maintain a very level attitude during take-off and landing while carefully managing airspeed. The pilot has to land the aircraft without any rolling motion because that could cause the aircraft to land on one of the outrigger gear. Ad 3 Single main gear The single main gear (Figure†¦) consist of one main gear unit (1) and a much smaller auxiliary tailwheel (2) along the centreline. For stability an outrigger gear (3) is mounted along the wing. This configuration is very similar to the bicycle gear and is practical for use on light planes like gliders. The single main gear is just like the bicycle gear lightweight and provides low drag. 2 1 3 Main gear unit Auxiliary tailwheel Outrigger gear Figure†¦: Single main gear as seen on a Lockheed U-2 Ad 4 Quadricycle gear The quadricycle gear (Figure†¦) consist of four main gear units (1) roughly mounted along the fuselage. This configuration is also similar to the bicycle gear and is being used sometimes on cargo aircraft. For cargo aircraft it could be ideal because the aircraft floor can get at a very low level above the ground what is easy for loading or unloading cargo. Just like the bicycle configuration the pilot must maintain a very level attitude during take-off and landing. A quadricycle gear is also very sensitive for roll, crosswinds, and proper line up of a approach. The Boeing B-52 has an extra crosswind gear (2) installed to make crosswind landings. A major disadvantage also is four main gear units that contain a much higher weight and drag. 2 1 Main gear units Crosswind gear Figure†¦: Quadricycle gear as seen on a Boeing B-52 1.1.2b Tricycle Gear The tricycle gear generally consist of two main gear units and one nose gear unit. Nowadays this kind of configuration is mostly used in aviation especially for commercial aircraft. The tricycle configuration has one wheel in the front and two or more main wheels located near the centre of gravity. The main reason why it is mostly used is the ease of operating the tricycle gear aircraft on ground. This is not the only advantage the tricycle gear has a series of advantages: stability in braking steady touch down with no risk of aerodynamic bounce (like taildragger gear) high pilot visibility during taxiing (because of level aircraft) horizontal floor (passengers comfort and easy cargo loading) low drag during take-off acceleration The tricycle gear does have more configurations (Figure). The most common (and most simple) has a double main landing gear unit and single nose gear unit (1). For most aircraft this is good enough to bear the aircraft load. For airliners beyond 300.000 kg of maximum take-off mass there is need for an extra landing gear unit located under the fuselage (2), or even two main landing gear units located under the wing (3). This is needed to make the surface pressure on all landing gears acceptable. 3 2 1 Figure†¦: Tricycle gear configurations Those extra landing gear units are called bogies. When an aircraft has extra landing gear units it is called a multi-bogie gear configuration. The heavier the aircraft becomes, the more wheels are added to the bogie to spread the surface pressure on the runway pavement. The nose wheel could also get an extra wheel or even an extra nose gear unit. Unfortunately the tricycle gear configuration has a greater weight and drag because of the large nose wheel gear unit. Aircrafts with a tricycle configuration almost always require retraction mechanisms to reduce drag. Another challenge at tricycle gear configurations is designing a properly balance load by the main gear versus the nose wheel. When you will put too little load on the main wheels, braking effectiveness will reduce. When putting too little load on the nose wheel the aircraft is losing its steering effectiveness. Loading the aircraft must be carefully done to balance the aircraft to prevent the aircraft from fall over on its tail.